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- Describe the effect of light absorption on 11-cis-retinal bound within rhodopsinExplain why some taste receptor cells and all olfactoryreceptor cells use G protein-coupled receptors, yet onlyolfactory receptor cells produce action potentials.The human retina has three types of receptor cones, eachsensitive to a different range of wavelengths of visible light,as shown in this figure (the colors are merely to differentiatethe three curves from one another; they do not indicate theactual colors represented by each curve):(a) Estimate the energies of photons with wavelengths at themaximum for each type of cone. (b) The color of the sky is dueto scattering of solar light by the molecules of the atmosphere.Lord Rayleigh was one of the first to study scattering of thiskind. He showed that the amount of scattering for very smallparticles such as molecules is inversely proportional to thefourth power of the wavelength. Estimate the ratio of the scatteringefficiency of light at the wavelength of the maximumfor the “blue” cones, as compared with that for the “green”cones. (c) Explain why the sky appears blue even though allwavelengths of solar light are scattered by the atmosphere
- When light hits a retinal molecule bound to the rhodopsin, the retinal molecule changes its conformation, going from a cis- configuration to an all-trans configuration (see figure below). This forces the rhodopsin receptor to also undergo a change in its conformation and become activated. 11-cis isomer ** Light Retinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells 1000000000000000 Disc membrane 100000000000000 Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP All-trans isomer J Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP CGMP inhibition PDE6i GMP GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a…Based on the same attached figure as above (Figure 10.9 in your textbook), what kind of channel permits K+ to pass through the apical-end membrane in hair cells of the ear? (A) Spiral ganglion Tectorial membrane Scala vestibuli Inner hair cells -45 mV Scala tympani Outer hair cells Scala media Organ of Corti Perilymph Low K+ 0mV Endolymph High K+ +80 mV (B) Stria vascularis Basilar membrane Ca²+ Afferent. nerve Depolarization O Nucleus wwww. 00 -Depolarization. Vesicles -Transmitter To brain C₂24Activated Müller glia (MG) are capable of producing which of the following cell types in the zebrafish's retina? Iris Cells capillary endothelial cells Lens cells rods bipolar cells horizontal cells ganglion cells
- nonM-nonP type (K-type) retinal ganglion cells typically have: large receptive fields and motion sensitivity small receptive fields and color-opponency small receptive fields and motion sensitivity small receptive field without color-opponencyin. What order did these happen? all trans retinal induces conformational change in Rhodospin transducin is activated PDE hydrolyzes cGMP phosphadiesterase is activated nucleotide gated in a plus and CA plus channel closesWhich of the following taste recognition is mediated by GPCRs? Bitter Umami Sweet Sour Salty
- Caffeine is an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Predict what caffeine will do to my heart rate -- Support with the correct physiological mechanism And you may ask yourself "Well....how did I get to membrane potentials?" If caffeine were applied to the retina, what would happen. Include the mechanism we covered on how you detect lightWhich Cells insulate axons with Myzrin tn the Cus. in the PUSPHelp me please
