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- 1. Write the over all equation of formation of one palmitate molecule via condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction reactions.. Single line text. 2. Write the overall equation for the transfer of one acetyl group from the mitochondrion to the cytosol.. Single line text.1. Demonstrate your understanding whether carrier-free biocatalysts should or should not be considered as good biocatalysts. You discussion must be in detail and related to biocatalysis. You can provide detail explanation or provide example. 2. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms. Relate their similarities and differences to applications in biocatalysis. Zymonomas sp. and Saccharomyces sp.Non-enzymatic browning Proteins: Lysin, methionine Sugars: glucose, galactose, sucrose, fructose, maltose 1. Describe (the aromas produced) and the degree of browning for each solution 2. Explain variations in color with respect to each sugar-amino acid combination by taking the chemical structures of sugars and amino acids into consideration
- A marine microorganism contains an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose-6-sulfate. The activity test is based on the measurement of the rate of glucose formation. The enzyme in a cell-free extract has a KM of 6.7 x 10-9 M and a Vmax of 300 nM min-1 . Galactose-6-sulfate is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. To a concentration of glucose-6-sulfate 2 x 10-5 M and galactose-6-sulfate 10-5 M, the speed initial is 1.5 nM min-1 . Calculate the Ki for galactose-6-sulfate.A purified protease enzyme from the fungus Aspergillus sp. Is tested in a laboratory. This enzyme was lyophilized as a white powder. When reconstituting with phosphate buffer pH 7.2 the active enzyme is obtained. To check its purity, an electrophoresis is performed where a single band of approximately 70,000 molecular weight is observed. The solution with enzymatic activity was stored at 4ºC for later use. A few days later it was found that the enzymatic activity had been lost and in the electrophoretic analysis, instead of a single band there were three bands of weights 40,000, 20,000 and 10,000. Come up with a reasoned explanation of what might have happened to the enzymel l l l M cell structure Cin chemostat is fed with sugar The growth rate follows the process equation VscS+C2C + Vp VPC о where P is the useful product The rate law followed is as determined experimentally rg = kg [C] [S] 1. (S) Orite down the mass balances for S, C, P and I, assuming feed contains ody the substrate of concentration [5]b] Solve them for [S], [C] and [P],
- 1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.5. The diagram on the right illustrates experimental results taken from a publication by Peter Mitchell. Intact rat liver mitochondria were sus- pended in an anaerobic, isotonic KCI solution buffered to pH 7.2 with dilute glycylglycine. The pH of the suspension was monitored with a special, fast acting pH electrode, as illustrated on the right. An aliquot of 3-hydroxy-butyrate solution was added to a final concentration of 2 mM together with a pulse of O2. No other reagents were added prior to addition of the uncoupler FCCP indicated by the red arrow. (a) Under these experimental conditions in which mitochon- drial compartment is the proton concentration being monitored. Ex- plain. (b) When 3-hydroxybutyrate has been supplemented to the mitochondrial suspension, is the rate of respiration supported by substrate oxidation maximal or resting prior to addition of the un- coupler? Explain. (c) Does the pH of the medium increase or decrease upon addition of the uncoupler? Explain.…During cheese production, LAB convert lactose to lactate and casein (milk protein) to amino acids. Lactate and amino acids then become the substrates for further microbial growth, which results in aroma production and deacidification of the cheese. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica grows on the surface of many cheeses; it is capable of both lactate and amino acid catabolism. When grown on a lactate plus amino acid medium, Y. lipolytica preferentially consumes amino acids. Amino acid degradation results in the release of ammonia, which increases the pH. Draw a flow chart that shows the LAB fermentation of milk, followed by the growth of Y. lipolytica. Indicate which substrates are consumed first and what happens to the pH. Based on this simplified scenario, why do you think most cheeses involve the activity of more than one yeast species?
- 2 a. You are trying to purify protein C from a mixture of proteins noted in the above Table. If you had only one type of column to choose from, which one would allow you to purify protein C with the least number of contaminants? Size exclusion column Ion exchange column Affinity chromatography using glucose as the bait Affinity chromatography using NAD as the bait Please explain why you chose the column above based upon the properties of the column AND the proteins in the Table.Enzyme hydrolysis of glucose-6-sulfate occurs in a marine microorganism. The activity test is based on the rate at which glucose is metabolized. Its KM is 6.7 x 10-9 M and its Vmax is 300 nM min-1 in cell-free extract. Galactose-6-sulfate competes with the enzyme to inhibit it. When glucose-6-sulfate and galactose-6-sulfate are present at 2 x 10-5 M, the starting speed is 1.5 nM min-1. Take a look at the Ki for galactose-6-sulfate and figure out what it is.L-lysine is being produced by Corynebacterium glutamicumin a bioreactorusing glucose as the carbon source, ammonia as the nitrogen source. The bacteria grow aerobicallyin a continuous process at steady-state.All streams of this process are aqueous. In the inlet stream, 8 grams of glucose is included per 100 grams of stream liquid, which flows at a rate of 500 kg/h. The flow rate of glucose in the outlet steam is 1 kg/h.The reaction occurs at 25 °C. According this does the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum cells inside this bioreactor release or absorb heat? Should heat be supplied to the bioreactor, or removed from, to maintain the operation temperature?