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- In the late eighteenth century Priestley prepared ammonia by reacting HNO3(g) with hydrogen gas. The thermodynamic equation for the reaction is HNO3(g)+4H2(g)NH3(g)+3H2O(g)H=637kJ (a) Calculate H when one mole of hydrogen gas reacts. (b) What is H when 10.00 g of NH3(g) are made to react with an excess of steam to form HN3(g) and H2 gases?The power of sunlight reaching each square meter of the Earth’s surface on a clear day in the tropics is close to 1 000 W. On a winter day in Manitoba, the power concentration of sunlight can be 100 W/m2. Many human activities are described by a power per unit area on the order of 102 W/m2or less. (a) Consider, for example, a family of four paying $66 to the electric company every 30 days for 600 kWh of energy carried by electrical transmission to their house, which has floor dimensions of 13.0 m by 9.50 m. Compute the power per unit area used by the family. (b) Consider a car 2.10 m wide and 4.90 m long traveling at 55.0 mi/h using gasoline having “heat of combustion” 44.0 MJ/kg with fuel economy 25.0 mi/gal. One gallon of gasoline has a mass of 2.54 kg. Find the power per unit area used by the car. (c) Explain why direct use of solar energy is not practical for running a conventional automobile. (d) What are some uses of solar energy that are more practical?Q1 (a) Read the following sentences carefully and briefly justify the answer: (i) At STP 22.4 liter of O2 and Cl2 gas will have same number of molecules. (ii) Combustion of CH4 gas do not produces carbon rich sooty flame. (ii) Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is used to measure standard potential of electrodes. Hot water in a closed lid steel bowl is a closed thermodynamic system. (iv)
- The emission of NO, by fossil fuel combustion can be prevented by injecting gaseous urea into the combustion mixture. The urea reduces NO (which oxidizes in air to form NO2) according to the reaction: 2 CO(NH;)»(3) + 4 NO(3) + O2(8) 4 Na(8) + 2 CO;(g) + 4 H¿O(g) Suppose that the exhaust stream of an automobile has a flow rate of 2.55 L/s at 655 Kand contains a partial pressure of NO of 12.4 torr. What total mass of urea is necessary to react complete- ly with the NO formed during 8.0 hours of driving?Suppose that a batch of parts is plated with Copper in an electrolytic bath running at 0.15V and 15A for exactly 2 hrs. What is the energy cost of this process if the electric utility charges the company Php 4.05/KW-Hr.(b) Heat is generated by the core of a nuclear reactor, this heat is removed by pumping cooling water through the core at a rate of 45 x 106 kg/h to generate steam. Cooling water, initially at 30 °C is continuously pumped through the reactor so that the outlet temperature is 748 °C and the core temperature remains constant. Calculate the rate of heat generated by the core of a nuclear reactor (in joules per second). (The specific heat capacity of ice 2100 Jkg 'K1; water = 4190 Jkg K; steam 2010 Jkg K. The latent heat of fusion of water is 334 kJ kg: latent heat of vaporisation of water 2264 kJ kg)
- The Nernst-Planck equation (shown below) describes the motion of a charged chemical species in a fluid. dC; z,FC; dv J; = - D; dx RT dx' What are the units for the ion flux J, where: zis the valence state of the ion (unitless) C is the concentration (mol/m³) Fis the Faraday constant (Coulomb/mol) Ris the ideal gas constant (kg m²/(s² mol °K)) Tis the temperature (K) dCi/dx is the concentration gradient (mol/m*) dV/dx is the electric potential gradient (V/m) D; is the diffusion coefficient (m²/s) Note that Coulomb is a unit of charge and V is volts where 1 V= 1 Joule/Coulomb)(24) The gold-plating of a ceramic figurine requires a total of 2.78 g of solid gold. If the current being used is 12.7 amperes, how many minutes will it take to plate the gold figurine? You may assume that there is sufficient concentration of gold cation to complete the process. (A) 1.79 (B) 1056 (C) 5.36 VELG 14 (D) 68.1 (E) 4.57 8180% + Q1 (a) Read the following sentences carefully and briefly justify the answer: (i) Combustion of Benzene produces carbon rich sooty flame. Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is used to measure standard potential of electrodes. (ii) (ii) Water boiling in a steel bowl is an open thermodynamic system. (iv) 22.4 liter O2 gas at STP will have 6.023x1023 O2 molecules.
- Research has been conducted on molybdates as replacements for chromates in the surface treatment of various metals in order to reduce corrosion by the formation of a surface film of MoO,. The overall reaction with iron is 2Fe(s) + 3M00- (aq) + 6H*(aq) - Fe;Os(s) + 3M0O:(s) + 3H;O() Given the following AG; in calories per mole at 25°C: Fe,O; (s) =-177,100, MoO:(s) =-120,000, H:O (1) =-56,690, Mo0; (aq) =-205,420 (a) Is the above overall reaction spontaneous under standard conditions? (b) Calculate the standard electrode potential for the above overall reaction. (c) Write an expression for the electrode potential as a function of molybdate ion concentration and pH. (d) Is the overall reaction spontaneous for a molybdate ion concentration of 0.001M at pH 7.0?The figure shows a PV diagram for an engine that uses a monatomic ideal gas as the working substance. The temperature at point A is 470.0 K.(a) How much net work does this engine do per cycle?(b) Assuming that the efficiency of the engine is 0.444, what is the heat input into the gas per cycle?(c) How much heat is exhausted per cycle?(d) How many moles of gas are used in this engine?(e) What is the total change in internal energy of this gas in one cycle?1 kg of benzene is poured into a flask and heated to 353 K (the boiling point of benzeneat 1 atm.) using a heating element that has a power of 700 W (we ignore thatit's probably not so healthy and smart to do). After 5 minutes, when the benzene has stoodboiling point, the heating element is taken up, and the remaining mass of benzene in the flaskmeasured at 470 grams. Determine the enthalpy of vaporization of benzene.