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- Describe the various types of specialized domains that can be established in the plasma membrane? what is the general consequence of these domains (ie why form them )?What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport is altered? Assume in each case that the protein involved is a soluble protein, not a membrane protein. State where each protein would be located and explain each of your answers. You add a signal sequence (for the Golgi) to the N-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into other, hydrophobic, amino acids.What are integral membrane proteins? Under how many types is it examined? Briefly explain
- Is the inside of the plasma membrane negative or positive relative to its outside in a polarized membrane of a resting cell?Identify how each of the following would pass through the plasma membrane: gases, large polar molecules, charged molecules (like ions), hydrophobic molecules, and small polar molecules. Be specific.What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport is altered? Assume in each case that the protein involved is a soluble protein, not a membrane protein. State where each protein would be located and explain each of your answers. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into negatively charged amino acids. You discover a protein that has both an ER signal sequence and a nuclear localization sequence. The ER signal sequence is at the N-terminus of the protein, and the nuclear localization sequence is located in the middle of the protein.
- Membrane proteins have six possible functions (transport, cell-cell adhesion, sensing signals, enzymatic activity, cell-cell recognition, and attachment to the cytoskeleton). Based on what you know about the entire synapse (which includes the presynaptic membrane, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane), which of those six functions appear to be happening at the synapse? For each specific function provide a specific example of that function and provide a specific example of that function at the synapse.[6.1] [6.2] If you could add channels to the membrane that make it permeable to peptides and water, what do you think would happen to the peptide and water molecules in the cell? If, after adding those channels, you were to wait long enough for the system to equilibrate (i.e., reach a stable state in which the number and type of molecule in each compartment no longer changes much over time), about how many peptide molecules would you expect to find on the left side of the cell and how many on the right? How about the water molecules? Explain your reasoning.Describe the location and characteristics of integral and peripheral membrane proteins.
- What type of signal sequence(s) would be used to create the ACE2 (type 1) integral membrane protein?The sodium-potassium pump generates the following concentration gradients across the plasma membrane: high [Na"] and [K*] inside the cell and low [Na*] and [K] outside. high [Na ] and low [K] inside the cell and low [Na] and high [K] outside. low [Na] and [K*] inside the cell and high [Na*] and [K*] outside. low [Na"] and high [K*] inside the cell and high [Na] and low [K] outside.An important process for membrane formation is the phase inversion process. Which parameters have a large influence on the membrane morphology and why?