The molecular ion S3N, has the cyclic structure'NAll S-N bonds are equivalent.(a) Give six equivalent resonance hybrid Lewis diagramsfor this molecular ion.(b) Compute the formal charges on all atoms in themolecular ion in each of the six Lewis diagrams.(c) Determine the charge on each atom in the polyatomicion, assuming that the true distribution of electrons isthe average of the six Lewis diagrams arrived at inparts (a) and (b).(d) An advanced calculation suggests that the actualcharge resident on each N atom is –0.375 and oneach S atom is +0.041. Show that this result is consis-tent with the overall +1 charge on the molecular ion.Z-S

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Chemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781133611097

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl

Chapter8: Bonding: General Concepts

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7RQ: Define formal charge and explain how to calculate it. What is the purpose of the formal charge?...

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A stable triatomic molecule can be formed that contains one atom each of nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine. Three bonding structures are possible, depending on which is the central atom: NSF, SNF, and SFN. (a) Write a Lewis diagram for each of these molecules, indicating the formal charge on each atom. (b) Often, the structure with the least separation of formal charge is the most stable. Is this statement consistent with the observed structure for this molecule—namely, NSF, which has a central sulfur atom? (c) Does consideration of the electronegativities of N, S, and F from Figure 3.18 help rationalize this observed structure? Explain.
Define formal charge and explain how to calculate it. What is the purpose of the formal charge? Organic compounds are composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen but also may have oxygen, nitrogen, and/or halogens in the formula. Formal charge arguments work very well for organic compounds when drawing the best Lewis structure. How do C, H, N, O, and Cl satisfy the octet rule in organic compounds so as to have a formula charge of zero?
White phosphorus (P4) consists of four phosphorus atoms arranged at the corners of a tetrahedron. Draw the valence electrons on this structure to give a Lewis diagram that satisfies the octet rule.
Based on the concept of formal charge, what is the central atom in (a) HCN (do not include H as a possibility)? b) NOCI (Cl is always a terminal atom)?
The percent ionic character of the bonds in several interhalogen Molecules (as estimated from their measured dipole moments and bond lengths) are ClF (11%), BrF(15%), BrCl (5.6%), ICl(5.8%), and IBr (10%). Estimate the percent ionic characters for each of these molecules, using the equation in Problem 37, and compare them with the given values.
The structure of borazine, B3N3H6, is a six-membered ringof alternating B and N atoms. There is one H atom bondedto each B and to each N atom. The molecule is planar.(a) Write a Lewis structure for borazine in which the formalcharge on every atom is zero. (b) Write a Lewis structurefor borazine in which the octet rule is satisfied forevery atom. (c) What are the formal charges on the atomsin the Lewis structure from part (b)? Given the electronegativitiesof B and N, do the formal charges seem favorableor unfavorable? (d) Do either of the Lewis structuresin parts (a) and (b) have multiple resonance structures?(e) What are the hybridizations at the B and N atoms inthe Lewis structures from parts (a) and (b)? Would you expectthe molecule to be planar for both Lewis structures?(f) The six B—N bonds in the borazine molecule are allidentical in length at 1.44 Å. Typical values for the bondlengths of B¬N single and double bonds are 1.51 Å and1.31 A°, respectively. Does the value of the B—N…
A stable triatomic molecule can be formed that containsone atom each of nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine. Threebonding structures are possible, depending on which is thecentral atom: NSF, SNF, and SFN.(a) Write a Lewis diagram for each of these molecules,indicating the formal charge on each atom.(b) Often, the structure with the least separation of formal charge is the most stable. Is this statement consistent with the observed structure for this molecule—namely, NSF, which has a central sulfur atom?(c) Does consideration of the electronegativities of N, S,and F from Figure 3.18 help rationalize this observedstructure? Explain.
Which of the following bonds are polar? Which is the more electronegative atom in cach polar bond? (a) B-F (b) Cl-CI (c) Se-O (d) H–I Arrange the bonds in cach of the following sets in order of inereasing polarity: (a) C-F, O–F, Be-F; (b) 0-CI, S-Br, C-P; (c) C-S, B–F, N-0.
A stable triatomic molecule can be formed that contains one atom each of nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine. Three bonding structures are possible, depending on which is the central atom: NSF, SNF, and SFN. (a) Write a Lewis diagram for each of these molecules, indicating the formal charge on each atom. (b) Often, the structure with the least separation of formal charge is the most stable. Is this statement consistent with the observed structure for this molecule— namely, NSF, which has a central sulfur atom? (c) Does consideration of the electronegativities of N, S, and F from Figure 3.18 help rationalize this observed structure? Explain. 100. The gas
Consider the Lewis structure for the polyatomic oxyanionshown here, where X is an element from the third period(Na - Ar). By changing the overall charge, n, from 1- to2- to 3- we get three different polyatomic ions. For each ofthese ions (a) identify the central atom, X; (b) determine theformal charge of the central atom, X; (c) draw a Lewis structurethat makes the formal charge on the central atom equalto zero.
Some chemists believe that satisfaction of the octet rule should be the top criterion for choosing the dominant Lewis structure of a molecule or ion. Other chemists believe that achieving the best formal charges should be the top criterion. Consider the dihydrogen phosphate ion, HaPO, , in which the H atoms are bonded to O atoms. (a) What is the predicted dominant Lewis structure if satisfying the octet rule is the top eriterion? (b) What is the predicted dominant Lewis structure if achieving the best formal charges is the top criterion?

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