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- In the Land of Purity, there is only one form of pollution, called gunk. Table 12.14 shows possible combinations of economic output and reduction of gunk, depending on what kinds of environmental regulations you choose. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the percentage reduction of gunk, and with the quantity of economic output on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between K and L, can you say which one is better and why? In the choice between K. and N, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is move likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice L or M? Why?Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoners dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can cheese whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two centuries. In Table 12.10, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
- Refer to Table 12.2. The externality created by the refrigerator production was 100. However, once we accounted for both the private and additional external costs, the market price increased by only 50. If the external costs were 100 why did the price only increase by 50 when we accounted for all costs?Consider two approaches to reducing emissions of CO2 into the environment from manufacturing industries in the United States. In the first approach, the U.S. government makes it a policy to use only predetermined technologies. In the second approach, the U.S. government determines which technologies are cleaner and subsidizes their use. Of the two approaches, which is the command-and-control policy?Suppose that a mayor of a large city believes strongly that education provides great benefits to the community andurges the state government to provide the district with more money. An economist would say that this reflects theMayor's belief that:Asince teachers are overpaid, the district needs more money to hire enough teachers for its classrooms.Bthere are positive external benefits associated with education.Cthere are nontrivial external costs associated with education.Dpublic schools provide a higher quality education than private schools.
- An increase in globalization has lead to an increase in pollution, and this is a problem because pollution is seen to be the classic example of a This is a that individuals impose on others but do not pay for. O negative externality, cost O possitive externality, benefit O negative externality, benefit O possitive externality, costTime left 0:53:28 Suppose that cookie producers create a positive externality equal to $2 per dozen. What is the relationship between the equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal quantity of cookies to be produced? tion 10 et rered ed out of Select one: ag stion O a. No relationship exists. O b. The equilibrium quantity is less than the socially optimal quantity. O c. The equilibrium quantity is greater than the socially optimal quantity. O d. They are equal. Next page revious page ser tour on this page KTQUESTION 1 With negative externalities, the social cost includes a. public cost & opportunity cost O b. private cost & external cost Oc. external cost & opportunity cost Od. internal cost & private cost QUESTION 2 Assume the following: Social Cost = $150 . Private Cost = $125 What must the external cost equal? Oa. $275 O b. $25 O c. $0 O d. $150 QUESTION 3 Altering incentives so that people take into account the external effects of their actions is known as O a. changing the game O b. rigging the system Oc. internalizing the externality Od. stacking the deck QUESTION 4 Assume the following: market quantity> socially desirable The inequality above describes which of the following? Oa. Negative Externality Ob. Positive Externality Oc. Budget Deficit Od. Budget Surplus Assume the following: market quantity < socially desirable The inequality above describes which of the following? Oa. Budget Surplus O b. Positive Externality c. Budget Deficit O d. Negative Externality QUESTION 6 In order…
- According to economists what is the optimal amount of pollution? O a. The optimal amount of pollution is where private costs equal social costs O b. Pollution should be reduced to a level as determined by government regulation O c. None, the goal is to completely eliminate pollution d. The point where the marginal benefit from further pollution reduction equals the marginal cost of further reductionqs abiv 30 ovo pilo 5. Oil spills from oceangoing tankers are rare but bring huge damages to coastlines when they occur within 200 miles of shore. Unfortunately, most tanker spills do occur on or near coasts. Rank the following alternatives according to how efficient they are in i jud, responding to the threat of oil spills. Explain your ranking. a. Each nation with an endangered coastline should impose a tax on all imported oil, a tax that raises enough revenue to compensate for any oil-spill damages. b. Each coastal nation should impose a tax on all domestically purchased oil, a tax that raises enough revenue to compensate for any oil-spill damages. c. Oil-carrying companies should be legally liable for all damages, in the courts of the countries whose national waters are polluted by the spills. d. Each coastal nation should intercept all oil tankers in national waters and charge them a fee that will cover the estimated costs of future oil spills.The following graph represents the market for high-emissions cars. Answer this question assuming that the externality is not internalised. Price of high tmissiens velides Sorial Value &, Quantity of high imissions vehidles What is the social cost of the last unit traded in the market? O P1 O P2 O P3 OP4 O OO0