The Bcl-2 protein was initially discovered via its ability to contribute to progression of B-cells to a cancerous "lymphoma" phenotype. 1) Define the mutation that was associated with the change in Bcl-2 in these cells. 2) Is Bcl-2 an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? 3) Define the role of Bcl-2 in normal cellular function and how this changed in Bcl-2 associated lymphoma.
Q: Match the gene name with the gene description. rb BRCA-1 A. tumor suppressor - p53 B. proto-oncogene…
A: Cancer is a condition caused by mutation in the genome that results in infinite cell multiplication…
Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…
A: Cancer is disease in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of cell. In organisms, cell…
Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…
A: Inflammation predispose to the development of cancer & promotes all stages of tumorigenesis
Q: Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded…
A: Cancer is the unnatural and excessive proliferation of cells that becomes harmful to normal body…
Q: A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is most likely…
A: Question - A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is…
Q: why EGFR play a role in CRC and other cancer?
A: EGFR : It is epidermis growth factor receptor. CRC: Colorectal cancer. EGFR : It is one of the…
Q: a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I will be…
Q: what category of cancer-related genes is it possible to find inherited variants that are associated…
A: Answer is option 3.
Q: The p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for…
A: Answer. Genes for which a gain of function mutation drives a cell towards cancer are called proto…
Q: Tumor Suppressor Genes are often called as gatekeepers because: a. They signify their involvement…
A: The correct option is a i.e.They signify their involvement in governing the dynamics of cell…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: Explain why IC3 is able to stop cancerous cells from dividing ?
A: Tumor-suppressor proteins are those proteins that normally act to stop abnormal cell growth. But…
Q: Which of the following demonstrates the link between oncogenes and cancer?
A: Genes that confer the ability to convert cells to a tumourigenic state are called oncogenes.…
Q: the cell cycle is divided into different phases (referred to as M, G0, G1, S and G2); Can you…
A: As per our guidelines, we are supposed to answer only one question. Kindly repost the other question…
Q: Match the gene on the left with the gene category on the right.…
A: Genes Genes are the information coded in a DNA. They make our protein and enzyme. They are…
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…
A:
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: 1. The diagrams (A and B) below represent the two common types of cancer genes; one diagram…
A: Genetic material is nothing but the sequence of nucleic acids which is called as DNA. It contains…
Q: Why would a mutation in BRCA1 be considered a driver mutation? b. Based on what you’ve learned…
A: In this question, we have to answer 'BRCA gene consider as driver mutation and ATM consider as a…
Q: I understand how nuclear factor-kB (NFKB) works in the inflammatory response but what is the…
A: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is essential for inflammatory responses, is…
Q: Explain why many oncogenic viruses contain genes whose products interact with tumor-suppressor…
A: Viruses are infectious agents. They can only replicate inside the living cells. Viruses can infect…
Q: How do interleukins exert its therapeutic benefits inside the body By inhibiting tumor growth and…
A: There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The immunity that is…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Order the listed proteins in the correct order so that cell proliferation is activated as the…
A: HGF stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis via tyrosine phosphorylation.…
Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…
A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…
Q: Products of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes can be growth factors and growth factor…
A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: Why are PARP inhibitors effective in killing tumor cells with BRCA-deficiency but not Rb deficiency?…
A: Anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene regulate cell division and DNA repair mechanism. Any mutation…
Q: mutated gene that transforms a normal cell into a tumor cell is called a a. oncogene. b.…
A: Mutations are the changes in the genetic makeup of the individual which results in the expression of…
Q: Sometimes, malignant cells do not stay properly anchored in tissues because of the loss of function…
A: Malignancy It refers to the presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to spread to other…
Q: n order for certain cancers to propagate, they require a growth factor known as Vascular Endothelial…
A: Introduction:- VEGF A chemical produced by cells that promotes the creation of new blood vessels.…
Q: The protein that ensures the fidelity of DNA replication is the a. tumor repressor P53 protein. b.…
A: The capacity of polymerase to prevent or rectify mistakes in the newly synthesized DNA strand is…
Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…
A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…
Q: Proto-oncogenes normally function to increase v cell division. If a mutation occurs to a…
A: Proto - oncogenes normally function to stimulating cell division . If a mutation occurs to a proto -…
Q: Describe the mutational event that produces the MYC oncogene in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Why does the…
A: Burkitt lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that affects adults and children. NHL is…
Q: Which of the following describes the role typical proto-oncogenes have when they are expressed in…
A: Proto-oncogenes, although usually associated with tumors do have a very significant role to play in…
Q: How do BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in regard to cell proliferation (are they proto-oncogenes,…
A: jjBRCA proteins play an important role in a variety of biological functions. In response to DNA…
Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…
A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding the process of differential splicing of primary RNA…
A: Immunoglobulins are also called antibodies, which are glycoprotein molecules that are made by plasma…
Q: Explain with specific examples how oncogenic receptors would promote cellular proliferation in the…
A: Oncogenes are genes which are present in almost all eukaryotic cells especially in higher animals,…
Q: One important role of Fas and Fas ligand is to mediate the elimination of tumor cells by killer…
A: Fas and Fas Ligand are two molecules that regulate of cell death. Their interaction is responsible…
Q: Mutations in the ras gene family induce normal cells to proceed into the replication cycle. This…
A: Proto-oncogene normal function is to promote cell survival and cell division. Gain of function of…
Q: Why do cancer cells undergo EMT and MET? What are the cellular changes (expression or suppression of…
A: Answer
The Bcl-2 protein was initially discovered via its ability to contribute to progression of B-cells to a cancerous "lymphoma"
1) Define the mutation that was associated with the change in Bcl-2 in these cells.
2) Is Bcl-2 an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?
3) Define the role of Bcl-2 in normal cellular function and how this changed in Bcl-2 associated lymphoma.
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps
- Describe the mutational event that produces the MYC oncogene in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Why does the particular mechanism for generating oncogenic MYC result in a lymphoma rather than another type of cancer? Describe another mechanism for generating oncogenic MYC.1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…
- 1) A) List 15 drugs (monoclonal antibodies can be used) used clinically to treat cancer in humans. These targets must be signal transduction pathway components. B) For each drug, list the specific protein targeted. C) For each drug, describe the efficacy of treatment (i.e. what is the success rate in life extension) as well as appropriate cost of treatment whether it be per round or an average annual cost.D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after two separate Pap smears have shown dysplastic epithelial cells. Results of a molecular diagnostic test show DNA that encodes high-risk versions of the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 proteins. The viral E6 protein binds to the cellular p53 tumor suppressor gene, causing it to be degraded. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the E6 protein causes cervical cancer? (A) Arrests the cell cycle (B) Enhances tissue invasion and metastasis (C) Inhibits telomerase expression (D) Prevents apoptosis (E) Sustains angiogenesis
- 5) Briefly explain why the formation of a tumour can pose a risk to a person's homeostasis. 6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate. One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein. In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression of the cancer. The drug "vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment. Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/ Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer. Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?: Brief…Abnormally high levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in a patient's blood is used to screen for prostate cancer. PSA is expressed in nomal, non-cancerous prostate cells. a) Why would elevated levels of PSA be suggestive of prostate cancer given what you know about cancer? Answer in no more than two sentences. b) Are high PSA levels sufficient to confim that a patient has prostate cancer, as opposed to a benign tumor? Why or why not? Explain in one sentence only.Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed. Select the two mechanisms. Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.Select the two mechanisms. 1) alterations in chromatin structure 2) a gain-of-function alteration 3)modification of proto-oncogenes products 4)mutations that result in an abnormal protein product 5)mutations within gene-regulatory regions
- Tissues and differentiation a)Explain what is meant by termination and differentiation ).b) Explain the difference between an oncogenic and a tumour suppressor gene and describe how they are involved in the onset of cancerAlthough slow acting retroviruses lack oncogenes, retroviral infection can activate proto oncogenes leading to oncogenesis. a. Describe the mechanism of proto-oncogenes activation that can result from with infection with slow acting retroviruses. b. In what other ways can proto-oncogenes be converted to oncogenes?Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor gene