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- The most important reward circuit in the brain is the mesolimbic pathway. Dopaminergic neurons originate in the _____ and connect to the _____ and other structures. A) hippocampus; amygdala B) amygdala; prefrontal cortex C) ventral tegmental area (VTA); nucleus accumbens D) nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortexResearchers who study the role of neurotransmitters in eating disorders have focused primarily on _____ because of its role in eating behavior. This neurotransmitter also plays a key role in anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, and impulsive behavior, all of which are common in people with eating disorders. A) serotonin B) acetylcholine C) norepinephrineContinued exposure to addictive drugs causes ______, reduced activity in several frontal lobe regions that control working memory, attention, behavioral inhibition, and the person's response to their environment. This tends to cause impulsivity and compulsiveness in individuals, which are core components of addictive behavior. A) hypofrontality B) hypothalamus C) hypopotentiation D) hypopolarization
- 54) the sacral part of the parasympathetic division serves the pelvic organs and the distal half of the large intestine. a) true b) falseHow does sleep help protect health? Select all that apply. A)Sleep gives the body time to repair damage. B)Sleep helps balance hormones related to hunger. C)Sleep boosts immune system activity. D)Sleep increases appetite so people get enough nutrients.Which of the following structures is required for the influence of perceived danger (someone who had attacked you before) on autonomic and endocrine systems? a.) amygdala b.) nucleus of the solitary tract c.) vagal nerve d.) posterior pituitary gland
- 42) which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation? a) elimination of urine b) salivation c) dry mouth d) increased peristalsis of the digestive systemThe ____ receives a large amount of information from the amygdala. It's the final destination for most of the brain's information about emotion before action is taken. For this reason, patients with damage to this region often struggle to make decisions, especially when those decisions involve avoiding risks or learning from reinforcement and punishment. A) ventromedial prefrontal cortex B) posterior parietal cortex C) anterior insular cortex D) anterior cingulate gyrusHow does alcohol consumption affect the circadian clock in certain time periods? (day v.s night?) What are the interconnections between alcohol consumption, detoxifying function of liver, and circadian rhythms and sleep?
- Researchers have discovered several neurological issues in the brains of patients with affective (mood) disorders. Which of the following neurological anomalies is found in bipolar patients during a manic episode, but NOT in patients experiencing depression? A) Reduced brain tissue in prefrontal areas and hippocampus. B) Increased metabolic activity in part of the prefrontal cortex. C) Enlargement of the amygdala and hypothalamus, leading to greater stress responses and higher cortisol levels. D) Reductions in overall brain activity, and especially in prefrontal regions and other circuits that regulate emotions.While studying the salivation response in dogs, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs would not only salivate when they were fed but would actually start to salivate when they heard the footsteps of his lab assistant. Which of the following best describes this situation. This was a testing experiment because it happened in Pavlov's lab. This was a testing experiment because Pavlov's assistants were interacting with the dogs rather than passively observing them. This was an observational experiment because Pavlov was not testing a hypothesis when he observed this. This was not an experiment because Pavlov did not intend to make this observation. This was an observational experiment because Pavlov did not take any measurements.Seasonal depression, otherwise known as Seasonal Affective Disorder, occurs during the fall and winter months in North America. Although the exact cause of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has not been identified, doctors suspect that approximately 3% of Canadians will experience SAD due to the shortage of sunlight in winter.Individuals affected by SAD will experience irritability, carbohydrates cravings, weight gain, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, and mood swings or feelings of sadness. These symptoms appear during the winter months and disappear in the spring. Describe the endocrine basis of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) by a) Identifying the hormone from Module 2 that is mainly produced at night, and is most directly affected by the lack of sunlight. b) Explaining how problems with this hormone (due to the lack of sunlight) affect individuals with SAD.