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- Provide short answers to the following: How do you determine whether an IP address is a multicast address? What is the TTL field in the IP header used for? What is the maximum length of options bytes that can be carried in an IPv4 header? Why do we have to multiply the offset field of an IP datagram by eight to obtain the real offset for the first byte of the datagram?In IPV4, consider sending a 4,000 byte datagram (20 bytes of IP header) into a link that has an MTU of 1,500 bytes. The datagram will be allocated to fragments, and the offset value of the third segment is 3, 370 3, 185 4, 185 4, 370Subject rcs511 In an IPv4 datagram, the M bit is 0, the value of HLEN is 10, the value of total length is 400 and the fragment offset value is 300. The position of the datagram, the sequence numbers of the first and the last bytes of the payload, respectively are
- In an IPv4 datagram, the M bit is 0, the value of HLEN is 10, the value of total length is 400 and the fragment offset value is 300. The position of the datagram, the sequence numbers of the first and the last bytes of the payload, respectively are.Most IP datagram reassembly algorithms have a timer to avoid having a lost fragment tie up reassembly buffers forever. Suppose that a datagram is fragmented into four fragments. The first three fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the three fragments in the receiver's memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment stumbles in. What should be done with it?An IPv4 datagram is fragmented into three fragments. The second fragment carries bytes 2000 to 5000. What is the fragmentation offset value for the second fragment?
- In IPsec, each incoming and outgoing packet will be checked with the Security Policy Database (SPD) and the Security Association Database (SAD). (a) What is the checking done with the SPD: (b) What is the checking done with the SAD? (c) Each security association stored in SAD is identified by an integer. What is this integer called?One of the techniques used in transport layer protocols is the receipt of acknowledgements (such as the RDT 2.0 protocol that we covered before). Is it possible for an acknowledgement to be contaminated in any way? What process has been put in place to deal with this situation?In SMTP, a non-ASCII message of 1000 bytes is encoded with base64. a. How many bytes are in the encoded message? b. How many redundant bytes are there? c. What is the ratio between bytes to the total message?
- 450005dc 1e244000 8006... is a piece of information in an IP datagram header (in hexadecimal) What is the size of the header?The IPV4 Header Header And Its Fields Are Given For Your Reference. Read the questions that follow the Header diagram. IPV4 Header Byte Offset IHL (Header Length) Version Type of Service (TOS) Total Length IP Flags x D M 4 Identification Fragment Offset 20 Time To Live (TTL) Protocol Header Checksum Bytes II I I I IHL (Internet Header Length) 12 Source Address 16 Destination Address 20 IP Option (variable length, optional, not common) Bit To 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 0 1 2 3 4 56 7 89 Nibble FByte Word 2 314 5 6 7 8 9 0 Version IP Flags Protocol Fragment Offset Version of IP Protocol. 4 and 6 are valid. This diagram represents version 4 structure only. IP Protocol ID. Including (but not limited to): 1 ICMP 17 UDP 2 IGMP 47 GRE 88 EIGRP 6 TCP 9 IGRP 51 AH Fragment offset from start of IP datagram. Measured in 8 byte (2 words, 64 bits) increments. If IP datagram is fragmented, fragment size (Total Length) must be a multiple of 8 bytes. x DM 57 SKIP x Ox80 reserved (evil bit) D Ox40 Do Not…2) In an IPV4 packet, the value of the HLEN field is 1100 in binary. How many bytes of options field is being carried by this packet? a) 28 byte b) 20 byte c) 8 byte d) 40 byte