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Financial Ratios
A Ratio refers to a figure calculated as a reference to the relationship of two or more numbers and can be expressed as a fraction, proportion, percentage, or the number of times. When the number is determined by taking two accounting numbers derived from the financial statements, it is termed as the accounting ratio.
Return on Equity
The Return on Equity (RoE) is a measure of the profitability of a business concerning the funds by its stockholders/shareholders. ROE is a metric used generally to determine how well the company utilizes its funds provided by the equity shareholders.
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- a. What are her expected returns and the risk from her investment in the three assets? How do they compare with investing in asset M alone? Hint: Find the standard deviations of asset M and of the portfolio equally invested in assets M, N, and O. b. Could Sally reduce her total risk even more by using assets M and N only, assets M and O only, or assets N and O only? Use a 50/50 split between the asset pairs, and find the standard deviation of each asset pair. Data table (Click on the following icon in order to copy its contents into a spreadsheet.) States Probability Asset M Return Boom 27% 12% Normal 53% 9% Recession 20% 0% Asset N Return 22% Asset O Return 0% 14% 9% 2% 12%Benefits of diversification. Sally Rogers has decided to invest her wealth equally across the following three assets: En a. What are her expected returns and the risk from her investment in the three assets? How do they compare with investing in asset M alone? Hint Find the standard deviations of asset M and of ti assets M, N, and O. b. Could Sally reduce her total risk even more by u tandard deviation - X i Data Table a. What is the expected return of investing equally % (Round to two decimal places.) (Click on the following icon in order to copy its contents into a spreadsheet.) States Probability Asset M Returm Asset N Retum Asset O Retum 21% 12% -2% 25% 53% Boom 10% Normal 7% 7% Recession 22% 2% 1% 10% Print DoneBenefits of diversification. What is the expected return of investing equally in all three assets M, N, and O? Find the standard deviations of asset M and of the portfolio equally invested in assets M, N, and O.
- Suppose you are considering investing your entire portfolio in three assets A, B and C. You expect that after you invest, four possible mutually exclusive scenarios will occur, with associated returns (in %) for each of the three assets as listed below. The probability of each scenario is given below (Attached image). Find the expected returns and standard deviations of Asset A, B & C. (HINT: the expected return is given by the probability-weighted sum of returns in each scenario. The expected standard deviation is given by the square root of the probability-weighted sum of squared deviations from the expected return.) Is there any reason to invest in Asset A given its low expected return and high standard deviation?Q: Suppose an investor invests her money in three different assets-lands, bonds and stocks- and three possible states can occur. The return matrix of these three assets by states is as follows: (1.05 1.52 1.37 0.90 1.20 1.10 1.02 1.24 1.16/ Do state prices exist? Is there an arbitrage portfolio? If yes, give one example. If no, explain whyRemember, the expected value of a probability distribution is a statistical measure of the average (mean) value expected to occur during all possible circumstances. To compute an asset's expected return under a range of possible circumstances (or states of nature), multiply the anticipated return expected to result during each state of nature by its probability of occurrence. Consider the following case: Ethan owns a two-stock portfolio that invests in Falcon Freight Company (FF) and Pheasant Pharmaceuticals (PP). Three-quarters of Ethan's portfolio value consists of FF's shares, and the balance consists of PP's shares. Each stock's expected return for the next year will depend on forecasted market conditions. The expected returns from the stocks in different market conditions are detailed in the following table: Market Condition Strong Normal Probability of Occurrence 0.50 0.25 Falcon Freight Pheasant Pharmaceuticals 27.5% 38.5% 16.5% 22% Weak 0.25 -22% -27.5% Calculate expected…
- The expected value of an investment: Answer a. Is what the owner will receive when the investment is sold b. Is the sum of the payoffs c. Is the probability-weighted sum of the possible outcomes d. Cannot be determined in advanceSharon Smith, the financial manager for Barnett Corporation, wishes to select one of three prospective investments: X, Y, and Z. Assume that the measure of risk Sharon cares about is an asset's standard deviation. The expected returns and standard deviations of the investments are as follows: Investment Expected return Standard deviation X 17% 7% Y 17% 8% Z 17% 9% a. If Sharon were risk neutral, which investment would she select? Explain why. b. If she were risk averse, which investment would she select? Why? c. If she were risk seeking, which investments would she select? Why? d. Suppose a fourth investment, W, is available. It offers an expected return of 18%,and it has a standard deviation of 9%. If Sharon is risk averse, can you say which investment she will choose? Why or why not? Are there any investments that you are certain she will not choose?Two assets, A and B, have the same expected return (10%) and the same level of risk (average). Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. A rational investor will either put 100% of her funds into asset A or 100% of her funds into asset B because the return same but the investor will not have to track two separate investments. b. A combination of assets A and B will have the same expected return (10%) as either asset A or asset B, but may have less than average risk depending on how the cash flows from each asset move together. c. A rational investor is indifferent between investing 100% in A, 100% in B, or a combination of A and B, because the return and risk will be the same. d. A combination of assets A and B will result in the same expected return (10%) as investing 100% in A or 100% in B, but the risk will increase because now two investments are at risk.
- There are many ways to invest money. Jaleel wonders what are the investment options he can choose from. Choose three asset classes from the list below and help Jaleel to have a closer look at each of them. You are expected to explain the unique characteristics of the asset class, their associated risks and potential returns. For each asset class, you should use one or two examples to support your explanation. Asset Class Characteristics Risk Potential Returns Example Cash Products Fixed Income Equities Currencies DerivativesRemember, the expected value of a probability distribution is a statistical measure of the average (mean) value expected to occur during all possible circumstances. To compute an asset’s expected return under a range of possible circumstances (or states of nature), multiply the anticipated return expected to result during each state of nature by its probability of occurrence. Consider the following case: Aaron owns a two-stock portfolio that invests in Happy Dog Soap Company (HDS) and Black Sheep Broadcasting (BSB). Three-quarters of Aaron’s portfolio value consists of HDS’s shares, and the balance consists of BSB’s shares. Each stock’s expected return for the next year will depend on forecasted market conditions. The expected returns from the stocks in different market conditions are detailed in the following table: Market Condition Probability of Occurrence Happy Dog Soap Black Sheep Broadcasting Strong 0.50 30% 42% Normal 0.25 18% 24% Weak 0.25 -24% -30%…Remember, the expected value of a probability distribution is a statistical measure of the average (mean) value expected to occur during all possible circumstances. To compute an asset’s expected return under a range of possible circumstances (or states of nature), multiply the anticipated return expected to result during each state of nature by its probability of occurrence. Consider the following case: James owns a two-stock portfolio that invests in Blue Llama Mining Company (BLM) and Hungry Whale Electronics (HWE). Three-quarters of James’s portfolio value consists of BLM’s shares, and the balance consists of HWE’s shares. Each stock’s expected return for the next year will depend on forecasted market conditions. The expected returns from the stocks in different market conditions are detailed in the following table: Market Condition Probability of Occurrence Blue Llama Mining Hungry Whale Electronics Strong 0.25 27.5% 38.5% Normal 0.45 16.5% 22% Weak 0.30 -22%…