Starting from the situation below, explain the next immediate steps that occur after the agonist ligand binds to the GPCR. Describe what happens in terms of the GTP and the heterotrimeric G protein structure. mw www Ligand B GTP Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. GDP
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- Identify and briefly explain a third possible role of oxytocin that could explain its potential benefit to people with autism. Be sure to include the URL of your source with your work.Trelstar® is an injectable formulation of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheresencapsulating triptorelin palmoate (Mw 13115 Da), a synthetic decapeptide agonist analog ofgonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The medicine is used in treatment of patients withprostate cancer. The pharmacokinetics of triptorelin palmoate as free drug follows a 3 compartmentmodel with drug half-lives estimated to be 6 minutes, 45 minutes, and 3 hours, respectively. Threedifferent dosing intervals of Trelstar® are available in clinic: 1 month (3.75 mg), 3 month (11.25mg) and 6 month (containing 22.5 mg of drug).Discuss how encapsulation into PLGA microspheres improves patient therapy with triptorelinpalmoate, and how three dosing intervals available in clinic may have been achieved bymodifications in the formulationBIM-46187 is a protein inhibitor that binds to the a-subunit of the G. protein. It prevents the GDP/GTP exchange and prevents activity of the G protein. Which of the following would you expect to see lower levels of as a result? You can select more than or answer. S-S NH2 Mol. M: 795.11 Image: https://aobious.com/aobious/protein-inhibitors/1086-bim-46187.html Select one or more: O a. Cyclic AMP (CAMP) O b. Tyrosine kinase O . HSP O d. Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) O e. DAG O f. JAK O g. IP3
- Describe the general function and structural features of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Be sure to include an explanation of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and GDP exchange factors (GEFs) in the context of the GTPase cycle. How are different classes of heterotrimeric G-proteins defined?Design a pair of primers to amplify the human Insulin gene (only the blue region) Human Insulin CDNA (gene sequence, 5'-untranslated region, 3'-untranslated region) 5'agecete agccctccaggacaggctgcatcagaagaggccatcaagcagatcactgtccttctgccATGGCCCTGTGGA TGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGACCCAGCCGCAGCCTTTGTGAACCAAC АССТСTGCGGCTCАCАCСТGGTGGAAGCTCTCТАССТАGTGTGCGGGGAACGAGGCTTCTTCTACАCACСCА AGACCCGCCGGGAGGCAGAGGACCTGCAGGTGGGGCAGGTGGAGCTGGGCGGGGGCCCTGGTGCAGGCAGCC TGCAGCCCTTGGCCCTGGAGGGGTCCCTGCAGAAGCGTGGCATTGTGGAACAATGCTGTACCAGCATCTGCT CCCTCTACCAGCTGGAGAACTACTGCAACTAGacgcagcccgcaggcagccccccacccgccgcctcctgca ccgagagagatggaataaagcccttgaaccaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaŋ' Human insulin protein MALWMRLLPLLALLALWGPDPAAAFVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKTRREAEDLQVGQVELGG GPGAGSLQPLALEGSLQKRGIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN* 5'-C 5'-I ]-3' ]-3' Primer: I Primer: 2 I know the answers are 5'-ATGGCC-3' for primer 1 and 5'-CTAGTT-3' for primer 2 but I'm not sure why. Could some explain why?BIM-46187 is a protein inhibitor that binds to the a-subunit of the G, protein. It prevents the GDP/GTP exchange and prevents activity of the G protein. Which of the following would you expect to see lower levels of as a result? You can select more than one answer. S-S Mol. W: 795.11 Image: https://aobious.com/aobious/protein-inhibitors/1086-bim-46187.html Select one or more: O a. Cyclic AMP (CAMP) O b. Tyrosine kinase HSP O d. Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) O e. DAG O f. JAK O g. IP3
- Cholera is an acute, diarrheal disease caused by infection of the intestine with the gram-negative, motile bacterium Vibrio cholerae. After colonizing the small intestine, V. cholerae secretes cholera toxin (CTX), a protein that ribosylates the Gsa subunit of a G protein, thereby inhibiting its GTPase activity. This causes the dysregulation of a cellular chloride ion channel, resulting in efflux of ions and water from the infected enterocytes into the intestinal lumen. Studies have implicated sodium bioenergetics in the pathogenesis of V. cholerae in humans. An electrochemical gradient of Na+ known as the "sodium motive force" provides V. cholerae with the energy for key functions. The gradient is predominantly established by the Nat-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na-NQR) enzyme. Na+-NQR is a multi-substrate enzyme comprised of six distinct subunits designated A-F (Table 1) that are encoded within the same operon. In a process similar to proton pumping by Complex I of the…Cyclic AMP (CAMP) is an important signaling molecule in cells. The synthesis and degradation of CAMP is diagrammed in the following figure: ATP ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 12pt Adenylyl cyclase Edit View Insert Format Tools Table Paragraph Pyrophosphate 3'c- P-P₁ 5'C BI Both caffeine (coffee, cola) and theophylline inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase that converts CAMP to AMP, allowing cAMP levels to temporarily remain high. Briefly discuss the possible effect of these drugs on the second messenger action of CAMP. What might the effect of caffeine of theophylline be on a signaling pathway? CAMP UA Phosphodiesterase T² H₂O AMP ⠀In response to nitric oxide signaling in the male genitalia, GTP is cyclized to produce 3’-5’ cyclic GMP (cGMP): cGMP stimulates vasodilation and produces an erection. Viagra (Sildenafil) is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for degradation of cGMP. Based on this information, do you expect that Viagra can produce a spontaneous erection in the absence of a stimulus? Provide a short (one sentence) rationale for your answer
- GTP-binding proteins play critical roles in many signal transductions through G proteins. Describe two examples in which G proteins act and compare the role of the G proteins in each case.What is a caspase? Describe in terms of its molecular function and what cellular function it elicits.Two GPCR mutations (Mutant A and Mutant B) were tested for activity. One was confirmed as being a constitutively activating, gain of function GPCR mutation and one was confirmed as being a loss of function GPCR mutation. Which is which? Explain your answer.