Some microbes cover their antigen markers (protein configuration) with a carbohydrate based material that does not have antigen properties. This covering is called the ___.     envelope     capsule     genome     capsid

Q: Which of the following is a role of CLRS in host recognition? O a. Direct cell killing O b. Cell to…

A: C Type Lectin Receptors The CLRs or the C type Lectin Receptors are pathogen recognition receptors…

Q: 4. Here is an immunoassay to measure the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil. An organic solvent…

A: Immunoassay is a biochemical technique that can detect the concentration of target molecules by…

Q: Some viral detection techniques involve a serological assay. This assay looks for the presence of…

A: The viruses are infectious agents, which are capable of infecting the cells and cause diseases. The…

Q: Which of the following is true of an infectious disease? they can be spread from one host to another…

A: Disease is a specific abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of an…

Q: Blood agar is a differential medium that will show us a clear zone around a colony of normal flora…

A: A differential medium is made up of chemicals or composition that would help us to determine…

Q: True or false:   RNA is conserved mechanism in eukaryotes. SDS is an uncharged detergent…

A: RNA or ribonucleic acid is the genetic material found in some living organisms, including some…

Q: Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and…

A: Antigenic Drift - The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code…

Q: not a viral disease ? (a) AIDS and mumps (b) Small pox and herpes (c) Influenza (d) Cholera

A: Viral disease is an infectious disease, which is widespread, and caused by virus. There are so many…

Q: A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____. View Available…

A: Toxins are the poisonous responses that are produced by the bacteria so that they can access the…

Q: You are attempting to produce a recombinant virus. Your virus vector has ampicillin resistance. Your…

A: In an experiment, a virus that is supposed to be recombinant has the gene for ampicillin resistance.…

Q: The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and…

A: The protozoan parasitic species present in the genus Trypanosoma causes Human African…

Q: Take a sequence from NCBI of pathogen And Make vaccine of it. From vaccine predict tool…

A: Before an vaccine is at any point suggested for use, it's tried in labs. This cycle can require…

Q: Which type of interaction is least harmful to the host?

A: BASIC INFORMATION VIRUS  They are obligate parasites. They are very small in size that is about 20…

Q: To detect a toxin in food, the contaminated food is normally injected into at least two guinea pigs.…

A: The Humoral immune response in the body is regulated by the B cells which produce antibodies against…

Q: The scale bar in panels (a) and (d) in this image is 50 um (micrometeraj. Question: Which of the…

A: Microscope   A device use to visualise non visible extremely small microorganisms.

Q: Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens. This means that a bacterium with more virulence…

A: Option c  Can more easily infect hosts and cause disease. Virulence is defined as the degree of…

Q: Explain how someone who was infected with SARS-CoV-2 could still test negative two days after…

A: Covid 19:  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus 2…

Q: Antibiotic resistance can spread throughout a bacterial population through multiple mechanisms.…

A: The gene transfer between different individuals of bacteria can occurs through two types, that…

Q: In a western blot, the primary antibody binds to the while the secondary antibody binds to the…

A: Western blotting is a technique to separate and identify target proteins. It utilizes antibodies to…

Q: once antigens of a bacterium are "coated" with antibodies, the microbe is susceptible to…

A: The body of humans is given important mechanisms of immunity with which they can fight, foreign…

Q: Virology:viruses were initially believed to not serve any essential function for their host.Today we…

A: virus, it is infectious agent of small size with  simple composition which can multiply only in…

Q: What does circulating HBeAg indicate about individuals with chronic HBV infection?

A: Introduction: The HBeAg stands for hepatitis B e-antigen. This antigen circulates in the blood of an…

Q: Explain why a tuberculin skin test on an AIDS (acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome) patient with…

A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an organism responsible for tuberculosis (TB) infection. It is a…

Q: The coating which some bacteria secrete to hide their antigen is referred to by 3 terms, give one as…

A: Some pathogens can hide their unique antigens from opsonizing antibodies or complement, They employ…

Q: kDa 188- 62- 49- 38- -heavy chain 28- -light chain 18- 14- 6- 3- 1 2

A: While casting a gel, well are created on the gel to load the samples. When protein samples run in a…

Q: The attachment of a pathogen to host cells requires that  Group of answer choices pathogen adhesins…

A: The establishment of pathogen at the portal of entry is known as colonization. Pathogens colonize…

Q: A bacterium has received new DNA that allows it to produce a toxin. Which of the following…

A:

Q: Which of the following statement is false regarding the emergence of new viral strains? Reverse…

A: The following statement is false regarding the emergence of new viral strains-

Q: 15. Antibiotics provide the best defense against viruses a. b. True a. b. False 16. Cocci bacteria…

A: Introduction  Small, single-celled organisms are known as bacteria. Nearly all areas of the planet…

Q: Most hospitals use hand sanitizers that claim to “kill 99.99% of illness causing germs”. What are…

A: Maintaining a clean work environment is critical in preventing different types of illness. Bacteria…

Q: In Western Blotting a complex ________ mixture is separated by ________ then selectively identified…

A: The blot analysis techniques are powerful methods used for the detection of specific biomolecules in…

Q: latent infection by animal viruses is most similar to which of the following events: lytic life…

A: A virus particle only consists of the viral genome enclosed in a protein coat. Enveloped viruses…

Q: Which of the following molecules do you think would make good antigens for recognizing pathogens and…

A: Molecules which are chemically complex are immunogenic. Therefore foreign proteins and carbohydrates…

Q: Non-enveloped viruses are more resistant to changes in temperature, pH, and some disinfectants than…

A: Viruses are mainly classified based on their genetic material i.e. RNA or DNA.  But based on their…

Q: the type of capsid (helical, icosahedral, etc) whether or not it has an envelope any spike proteins…

A: Hepatitis virus has basically five types:- A, B, C, D, E, G Hepatitis- B is the most widely spread…

Q: How does having a capsule increase the virulence of a bacteria cell?   A capsule gives bacteria…

A: Certain bacteria possess an additional outer covering beyond their cell wall. This outer covering is…

Q: How many viruses are adsorbed per cell (multiplicity of infection)

A: “Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: 70-90 nm (diameter) 80-200 nm (diameter) 80 x 225 nm I. 1. I. A capsid would be present in which of…

A: The virus is defined as an infectious agent that is small in size and has a simple composition that…

Q: Requires contact between donor and recipient cells. [ Choose Commonly involves F factor [ Choose…

A: The answers for the above mentioned questions is given in step 2.

Q: Antibody is ___.     a Y shaped cell     the protein marker which identifies self and foreign…

A: Antibody is a part of immune system. Its main function is to get rid of any infection caused by…

Q: Since our current pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus, let us get to know it better by…

A: Sars Cov-2 virus refers to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 this if virus responsible…

Q: f answer choices capsule plays role in transport process capsule can retain water ; cells protected…

A: Bacteria can be found in a variety of settings. They are tiny and degrade organic substances when…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza…

A: The major surface glycoproteins or spike proteins of the influenza virus are hemagglutinin (HA), and…

Q: Some bacteria secrete a nonprotein material to cover their antigen. This allows it to go unnoticed…

A: Introduction Bacteria Are Single-celled Organisms That Do Not Belong To Either The Plant Or Animal…

Q: Antibiotics Vaccines No Answers Chosen No Answers Chosen Antivirals More than one of these No…

A: Antibiotics are chemical agents that inhibit or kills or prevent growth of bacteria and prevent…

Q: Macrophages are found in  basic IMMUNOLOGY Bone marrow Spleen Skin Blood liver

A: DISCLAIMER: Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you…

Q: A 42 year old man developed a “flu-like” syndrome with fever, sore throat, headache, and myalgia.…

A: Introduction: Age, status of immune system, and inherent medical circumstances affect the sign and…

Q: what is the molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases? why molecular tests are used as diagnostic…

A: BASIC INFORMATION DISEASE It is basically the illness of the body. This affects our bodily functions…

Q: The bacteria that are killed are considered "selected against" True The whole statement is true.…

A: An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern that might be sensed…

A: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are evolutionary conserved molecular structures found in…

Virus

Viruses are infectious microscopic agents that can only reproduce in live cells of animals, plants, or microbes and are smaller than bacteria. Vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists, and fungi are among their many hosts. Viruses are unable to multiply on their own due to the lack of necessary cellular machinery, but they can guide the cell machinery of a host to make additional viruses by infection. The virus enters and attaches to a particular host cell, injects its genetic material, and reproduces by using the host’s genetic material. Viruses cause infection by taking entry into the host cell and using the host cell’s enzymes and raw materials to multiply.