SCENARIO: Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs on people who do not drink and drive. (1) The type of market failure represented by the scenario is a/an (2) The market fails in this scenario because (3) Solution to the market failure is (4) The equilibrium quantity is (5) The private benefit curve is (6) The private cost curve is (7) The Efficient output is found where the ♦ the socially efficient quantity. ♦ → ♦ ◆
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- Consider an economy which is heavily dependent on tourism. To boost tourist revenue, the government has decided to reclaim the sea to build a theme park at the coastal area. This has resulted in sea pollution, reduces the fish stock and threaten the livelihoods of fishermen in the vicinity. (a)Describe the type of externality exist in the scenario. Explain with a suitable diagram and highlight the area of the efficiency loss. (b)Explain the remedial action to rectify the externality problem.Answer the following questions for the given example: Using water pumps in homes (a) Does an externality exist? If so, is it positive/negative (or both) (b) Use Coase’s framework to identify the cause of the externality (c) If an externality exists, determine whether the Coase theorem applies (i.e. is it possible/feasible to assign property rights and solve the problem?). Provide reasoning. (d) If an externality exists and the Coase theorem does not apply, discuss a government/institutional solution that can mitigate the problem of externality. Provide reasoning.If the market for a good is producing a negative externality in production (e.g. a polluting firm):(a) In market equilibrium, the marginal cost (MC) to society exceeds the marginal cost (MC) of production.b) In market equilibrium the marginal benefits to society exceed the marginal cost (MC) of production.(c) In market equilibrium the marginal costs (MC) to society exceed the total benefits to societyd) In market equilibrium the private Cmg (MC) of production exceeds the Cmg (MC) for society.For each of the alternatives, explain which is correct and explain which are false or uncertain.
- Consider an upstream chemical company and a downstream agricultural producer coex- isting along a river. The chemical company produces output y, but, in the process, also generates waste by-product r that is harmful for apple production by the agricultural firm. The marginal benefit and damage functions are: MB(r) MD(r) 12 – I 2.r Determine analytically the level of waste that is generated at (i) individual benefit maxi- mizing level of production, (ii) the socially optimal level of production, and (iii) compare both allocations. Show your results in a figure.A group of 100 residents in a small community have decided to pay for a local police force. Each resident has the same marginal valuation schedule for intensity of police protection per day which is defined in terms of the number of police officers on duty Q as MV (Q) = 30 - 4Q. The protection is a public good and it costs $200 per police officer per day. (a) What number of police officers is efficient? (b) Explain why this level of protection might not be provided in a competitive market.SCENARIO: Developers of a new housing scheme spend money putting in roads, lighting and clearing land surrounding the scheme. (1) The type of market failure represented by the scenario is a/an (2) The market fails in this scenario because (3) Solution to the market failure is (4) The equilibrium quantity is (5) The private benefit curve is (6) The private cost curve is (7) The Efficient output is found where the → the socially efficient quantity. ◆
- Choose correct option. Q)The adoption of Qwerty keyboard over Dvorak is a result of , a) History b) Co. Plementarity c) Negative externalities d) History and Complementarities.Question 4:Q4 a) Why do externalities lead to inefficient outcomes? Explain why allocating propertyrights might help solve this problem. Q4 b) In what real-world circumstances might this approach be easier to implement andwhy?(a) A magician recorded his magic show and broadcast it freely in internet. How would you classify the show with reference to rivalrous and excludability? (b) There are two online magic show enthusiasts, A and B in the market. Their demand functions are QA = 5 – 0.25PA and QB = 15 – 0.5PB respectively. Explain the method to obtain the market demand function for magic show which are freely available online. (c) Draw the marginal social benefit curve for online magic show. (d) If a magician produces magic show and broadcast online to both individuals at a constant marginal cost of $20, what is the market equilibrium quantity and price of online magic shows?
- The Filthy Chemical Company dumps 100 tons of pollutants every year in the Pristine Lake. The Trout Fishing Co., the only other user of the lake,estimates that if Q tons of pollution were cleaned up every year its profits would rise according to the relation Filthy estimates it can clean the pollutants at constant average costs of $2 per ton. (a) In the interest of efficiency, how much pollution should be cleaned up every year? (b) Suppose Filthy bought Trout. How much would it clean up? What if Trout bought Filthy?In performing benefit-cost analysis, we define users as the public andsponsors as the government. True or false?A global-positioning anti-theft device installed by one car owner can produce a positive spillover to other citizens in a community. Discuss the impact on the: (iii) Private cost curve (iv) Social cost curve