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- If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the fetch cycle is 40% of the processor cycle time, what memory access speed is required to implement load operations with zero wait states and load operations with two wait states?The time it takes to perform the fetch instruction and decode instruction steps is called the execution time. True or false?A pipelined CPU is designed with 2 GHz clocks with 5 stages. Let there is no hazard, the amount of time required to execute 50 instructions program is nano seconds.
- A CPU takes 'x' number of clock cycles per one instruction; the Corresponding Pipelined CPU takes 2,3,4 and 1, clocks in IF, ID, PO and WB stages. To get the Speed-up 2.5, the 'x' value isIn a pipelined processor, all stages are perfectly balanced and there is no hazard when an application is executing on this five stage pipelined CPU, the speed up achieved with respect to the non pipelined CPU execution if 20% of the instructions incur one pipeline stall cycle isAssume a 5-stage pipelined CPU (IF – ID – MU– EX – WR) requires following time for differentsections: Pipeline stages ----Required time Fetch Unit ---15 nsDecode Unit ---10 nsMemory Unit---- 20 nsExecution Unit---- 8 nsWrite back Unit ----15 ns The maximum delay required to transfer contents from one state to another is 2ns.a) Show the time steps of pipelining stages for the first 10 instructions of a program. Assume thatInstruction-4 is a conditional loop instruction. If the condition is TRUE, CPU runs instructions:7 - 9 twice. Please note that a single-port RAM is used with the system, such that CPU readonly one data from RAM or save only one data to RAM at a time. Calculate the execution timefor the first 10 instructions of a program as well. Assume the condition is evaluated TRUE.
- True/False Run times of the typical five stages to execute an instruction are as given in some units of time: Instruction Fetch: 10 Instruction Decode: 15 Execute: 30 Memory: 50 Write Back: 20 If this is implemented as a pipelined versus a non-pipelined machine, then depending on the absence of hazards, one could expect the speedup to be about 2.5.Computer Science The total ISR instruction count for interrupt A, interrupt B, and interrupt C are 75, 105, and 80 instructions, respectively. Interrupt A occurs thrice as often as interrupt B, while interrupt C is called once whenever the other interrupts are called. If our microcontroller executes 60 million instructions per second and the combined CPU percentage of the three interrupts is 10% assuming they do not interrupt each other. What is the CPU overhead of interrupt A alone? (Answer as a percentage rounded off to two decimal places e.g. 12.345% is entered as 12.35) A timer was configured to generate an interrupt with a prescaler of 8 and a period register of 311. The ISR for the timer interrupt takes 73 instruction cycles in total, including context save and restore. If the instruction frequency is 8 MHz and the timer operates continuously, what is the percentage of CPU time used for the ISR? Note: Assume 1 additional cycle between timer rollovers and answer in percentage…A 5-stage pipelined processor has the stages: Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode (ID), Operand Fetch (OF), Execute (EX) and Write Operand (WO). The IF, ID, OF, and WOstages take 1 clock cycle each for any instruction. The EX stage takes 1 clock cycle for ADD and SUB instructions, 3 clock cycles for MUL instruction, and 6 clock cycles for DIV instruction. Operand forwarding is used in the pipeline (for data dependency, OF stage of the dependent instruction can be executed only after the previous instruction completes EX). What is the number of clock cycles needed to execute the following sequence of instructions? MUL R2,R10,R1 DIV R5,R3,R4 ADD R2,R5,R2 SUB R5,R2,R6
- A microprocessor has an increment memory direct instruction, which adds 1 to the value in a memory location. The instruction has five stages: fetch opcode(four bus clock cycles),fetch operand address (three cycles), fetch operand (three cycles) add 1 to operand (three cycles), and store operand (three cycles). a. By what amount (in percent) will the duration of the instruction increase if we have to insert two bus wait states in each memory read and memory write operation? b. repeat assuming that the increment operation takes 13 cycles instead of 3 cyclesA nonpipelined processor takes 15ns for going through the stages to execute an instruction. The stages each take the following delays per stage: 2ns, 3ns, 4ns, 5ns, 1ns. This is then converted into a pipelined machine with the critical stage determining the cycle time. A second nonpipelined processor also takes 15ns to go through the stages to execute the instructions. The stages, in this case, take the following delays: 3ns, 3ns, 3ns, 3ns, and 3ns. This is then converted into a pipelined machine with the critical stage determining the cycle time. Question: Which of the two pipelined machines created (if any) will have a better throughput? Select the best answer. The two pipelined machines will have identical throughputs because the cycle time of their corresponding nonpipelined machines was identical The second pipelined machine created out of the nonpipelined processor with equal stage delays O The throughput of both the pipelined machines will be identical since the nonpipelined…In a non-pipelined processor, to execute one instruction 5 cycles are needed. The clock speed of non-pipelined processor is 4 GHz. If same processor is changed to pipelined processor having 6 stages. The clock rate of pipelined processor is changed to 3 GHz. What is the speedup achieved in this pipelined processor? (Assume no stalls in pipelined processor)