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- One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…In an RPC-like protocol, where numerous requests can be active at the same time and responses can be given in any sequence, the following is possible: Pretend requests are sequentially numbered, and that ACK[N] confirms the receipt of reply[N]. Should the number of ACKs be cumulative? If not, what should happen in the event that an ACK is not received?Asynchronous renaming in the message passing model. Code is for processPi, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.
- A TCP server requires four separate actions to start up: SOCKET, BIND, LISTEN, and ACCEPT. Argue either for or against the following proposi- tion: The TCP library should be redesigned to combine the four TCP server setup calls into just one or two new calls. If for, give the parameters and return values of the resultant new call(s), and give a description and example of its use. If against, give examples of things one might like to do that would be hindered by a consolidated system.Consider a distributed system with two sites, A and B. Can site A distinguish among the following? • B goes down. • The link between A and B goes down. • B is extremely overloaded and response time is 100 times longer than normal. What implications does your answer have for recovery in distributed systems?Consider a distributed system in which A is a TOP SECRET process running on machine Alice and B is a CONFIDENTIAL object residing on machine Bob. (i) Explain and justify whether A is allowed to read and/or write from B according to the BLP policy. (ii) Discuss the claim made by some researchers that this scenario highlights a fundamental problem with the BLP policy.
- As discussed in Exercise 18.15, snapshot isolation can be implemented usinga form of timestamp validation. However, unlike the multiversion timestamporderingscheme, which guarantees serializability, snapshot isolation does notguarantee serializability. Explain the key difference between the protocols thatresults in this difference.Design a cryptographic solution for implementing the dinning cryptographers protocol. You should consider the following: The secret messages shared between any two agents in the protocol are communicated over public channels only. The announcements made by each agent must be traceable in a trustworthy way to that agent. Your solution should be a new protocol that addresses the above two requirements.Consider a distributed system with two sites, A and B. Consider whether site A can distinguish among the following: a. B goes down. b. The link between A and B goes down. c. B is extremely overloaded and its response time is 100 times longer than normal. What implications does your answer have for recovery in distributed systems?
- Two processes C and S are involved in a remote invocation, with C acting as the client while S actsas the server.• Highlight the underlying request-reply protocol using its primitives.• S did not respond on time to the request issued by C. Explain the steps taken by bothprocesses using the at-least-once semantics.Create a MIPS assembly program using MARS to do RSA encryption/decryption. Get a numeric message from the user and encrypt it. Also, get a numeric message from the user and decrypt it. An RSA public key consists of a pair of numbers (n, e), and the message m is encrypted to a ciphertext c by calculating c = me (mod n). The RSA private key consists of a pair of numbers (n, d), and a ciphertext c is decrypted by calculating m = cd (mod n). For this, use n=21733, e=257, d=1403. Note that since me and cd can get rather large (hundreds or thousands of digits for our examples), use the following pseudocode to handle encryption and decryption: doRSA( n, exp, msg ) cmsg = msg Initialize ciphertext, requires odd exponent mpow = msg message to the power 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … tempexp = exp temporary exponent while ( tempexp > 1 ) mpow = ( mpow * mpow ) % n square the message tempexp = tempexp / 2 update the power if ( tempexp % 2 == 1 ) 1 bit in the binary representation of e? cmsg = ( cmsg…Consider a distributed system with two sites, A and B. Can site A distinguish among the following? B goes down. The link between A and B goes down. B is extremely overloaded and response time is 100 times longer than normal. What implications does your answer have for recovery in distributed systems?