Problem 2. a. In the neoclassical growth model, there are diminishing returns to physical capital and diminishing returns to human capital. Bu there are constant returns to scale. Hence, the economy can grow forever by accumulating both kinds of capital without ever facin diminishing returns. Comment the various aspects of this statement. b. Discuss the "rivalry" and "excludability" properties of each of the following goods. • a. An aspirin • b. The formula to produce aspirin • c. Cable TV • d. Lobsters in the Atlantic Ocean • e. A cow in a farm • f. A zoom meeting • g. A grilled cheese sandwich • h. The Pythagoras theorem i. The Solow model
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- Using a simple model of the Production Possibilities Curve (PPC), label points that show inefficient, and efficient, unattainable production. What are the major assumptions of the underlying the model?b. Use a second model to illustrate the difference between economic expansion and economic growth.For this question assume that technological progress does not occur. The rate of saving in Canada has generally been greater than the saving rate in the U.S. Given this information, we know that in the long run A) Canada's growth rate will be greater than the U.S. growth rate. B) capital per worker in Canada will be no different than U.S. capital per worker. C) investment per worker in Canada will be no different than U.S. investment per worker. D) all of these E) none of theseIs it possible to have economic growth with no opportunity cost? A)Yes, economic growth requires no current sacrifices-only the passage of time. B) No, but economic growth is always worth whatever sacrifice is required. C) No, because growth depletes the stock of knowledge so that more growth today means less growth tomorrow D) No, because growth requires the sacrifice of consumption goods in order to invest in such things as capital tormation and research and development.
- 2. Solow-Swan Model (a) You will demonstrate the importance of diminishing returns to capital in the Solow-Swanmodel. Draw a Solow-Swan diagram in which there are constant returns to capital. Thiswould happen if the production function were Yt= AKt, where A = 1. Furthermore,assume that the sum of population growth and the depreciation rate is greater than thesaving rate. Does the economy converge to a steady state in this case? To answer thisquestion, you should draw a Solow-Swan diagram in terms of output per person, as we didin class. Use this diagram to explain why the economy converges to a steady state or doesnot. (b) Assume, instead, that the sum of population growth and the depreciation rate is equal tothe saving rate. In this case, are there any steady states? If yes, describe the steady-statelevels of capital per person. If no, explain why not. (Note: Diagram is not needed for thispart.)1. Many endogenous growth models feature so called scale effects: per capita growth rises when population growth rises. Some economists have criticized these models for this reason, since countries with faster population growth do not in general appear to also experience faster per capita income growth. Consider an economy that has access to a production technology Y = AKª L¹-a where Y is output, A is the level of technology, K is capital and L is the amount of labor in the economy. Capital evolves according to K = SY (thus, the depreciation rate 6 = 0). The population growth rate is n. (Throughout, gx, where x can be any of the variables in the model). i. Assume that technology is determined by A =BK What sort of endogenous growth model is this? Find gk in terms of the K, L, and other parameters of the model. ii. Write an expression for gy in terms of gk and g₁. What must be true for a balanced growth path to exist in this model? Solve for the balanced growth path value of gy and gy,…2.a) Provide a definition of ‘technological capability and ‘social capability and describe the differences between them. Why can we say that innovation has a ‘systemic’ nature? 2.b) Financial development, social capital, favorable business regulation, trade openness are different aspects of ‘social capability’ influencing innovation processes and, therefore, economic development. Make a ranking of these factors according to their observed degree of importance for economic development. Explain why ‘inclusiveness’ and ‘equality in opportunities’ can strengthen the innovation capability of an economy. 2.c) Figure 1 below shows the cross-country correlation between the development of the education system and the level of economic development. Analyze Figure 1 by arguing about the importance of the education system for economic development in low, emerging, and developed countries
- QUESTION 2 2.a) Provide a definition of ‘technological capability’ and ‘social capability’ and describe the differences between them (5 points). Why can we say that innovation has a ‘systemic’ nature? (3 points). 2.b) Financial development, social capital, favourable business regulation, trade openness are different aspects of ‘social capability’ influencing innovation processes and, therefore, economic development. Make a ranking of these factors according to their observed degree of importance for economic development (3 points). Explain why ‘inclusiveness’ and ‘equality in opportunities’ can strengthen the innovation capability of an economy (5 points). 2 2.c) Figure 1 below shows the cross-country correlation between the development of the education system and the level of economic development. Analyse Figure 1 by arguing about the importance of the education system for economic development in low, emerging, and developed countries (9 points).Which of the following situations is not a macroeconomic objective? a. economic efficiency b. economic growth c. balanced budget deficit d. equitable distribution of income 2. Which of the following is an essential factor for the continuous growth process in the economy? a. government planning for what the country will produce b. the absence of private property c. research and development of new technologies and investment in new capital d. government intervention in economic activity 3. Which of the following alternatives measures the standard or standard of living? a. real gross domestic product b. per capita gross domestic product c. gross national product d. disposable income06. Which of the following statements about point E is FALSE? a) production of both X and Y can increase, without more resources or improvement in technology. b) the economy cannot reach this point without more resources or improvement in technology. c) the economy is not producing efficiently. d) both (a) and (c). e) none of the abov
- 6. The constant returns to scale assumption in the endogenous growth model implies that: A) countries will definitely reach a steady-state equilibrium. B) if there are constant returns to one input alone, there will be increasing returns to scale to all factors of production taken together. C) the production function will have a concave shape. D) the production function will have a convex shape. E) the capital-labour ratio will be constant at the steady-state. 7. In the AD-AS model, in the long-run, a decrease in the real money supply: A) will result in a movement along a horizontal AS curve. B) may be the result of equilibrium prices decreasing following a contractionary fiscal policy. C) causes the actual unemployment rate to fall below the natural rate of unemployment. D) is caused by a decrease in the interest rate. E) decreases consumers’ disposable income. 8. Decreasing government expenditure is effective at: A) increasing the level of output in the short-run,…1) The following public policies can facilitate economic growth in an economy. Give a definition for each policy. a. Distributive b. Redistributive c. Regulatory and substantive policiesWhich of the FF. statements is correct. A. Even if a company has adopted the best technology possible, it will not be able to meet the target of minimizing the costs of production nor meet the target output if the workers inside the company do not value team work and the workers envy each other. B. the output produced by the company is limited by the available technology C. new technologies will be adopted in place of the old technologies if the new technologies can produce the output at a lower cost D. all are correct E. none is correct