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- Ca2+ Using Figure 8.1, answer the following questions: 6) What is occurring in Step 2 of the figure above, and how is that process originated? 6) 7) Identify the structures on the postsynaptic membrane that bind with the neurotransmitter 7) in Steps 4 and 6 of the figure above, and indicate their function. 8) In the figure above, the overall function of Steps 6-8, which occur simultaneously, is to 8) 9) Based on the figure, describe the two possible mechanisms whereby Step 5 can occur on the postsynaptic membrane. 9) 10) Based on the figure, identify the structure in Step 6, if this presynaptic neuron is cholinergic. What if the neuron is adrenergic? 10)O Att Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Nat-glucose symporter. Recall that the Nat concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Nat ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Nat concentration outside the cell ([Na lout) is 161 mM and that inside the cell ([Na* Jm) is 17.0 mM, and the cell potential is -50.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. What is the maximum ratio of (glucose] to [glucoselout 10.62 kJ AG gluc mol that could theoretically be produced if the energy Incorrect coupling were 100% efficient? O 1.13 8.24 3800 2.6 x 10 IncorrectRegarding cardiovascular disease, match each tern A condition marked by edema of the lungs and shortness of breath, especially when lying down A lesion often seen on the retinal surface (in the eye) of people with diabetes and/or hypertension A triglyceride produced in the liver in response to a high carbohydrate diet that increases chronic disease risk A macrophage that has become engorged with indigestible lipid molecules, leading to inflammation [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] the phrase best describes it
- -Inhibitor +Inhibitor [S] (mM) Vη&νβσπ: (μmol/sec). ν0&νβσπ;&νβσπ:(μmol/sec) 0.0001 33 17 0.0005 71 50 0.001 83 67 0.005 96 91 0.01 98 95 What is the TYPE of iinhibitor?Provide a diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2) structure. Give annotations of binding sites and enzyme active sites.Given: Factor VIIa is a man-made protein analog to Factor VII, which is involved in coagulation. (Answer a, b, and c)a. Identify both a competitive and non-competitive inhibitor for Factor VIIa b. Draw a graph showing how both of these molecules will change the Velocity/[S] graph, and explain why this is the case. c. What would a graph look like if both inhibitors were added?
- A. Elastase is activated by trypsinB. Trypsinisactivatedbyelastase Which statement is correct? Proteolytic activation of chymotrypsin from chymotrypsinogen requires cleavage of four peptide bonds. Assume that any proteases can convert 100 substrates to 100 products. Activation of one enteropeptidase can eventually lead to formation of how many chymotrypsin proteins?Hypothetical scenerio: When the membrane potential is 80mV across the digestive vacuoles (DV), inside positive, the Vmax for VF-6-2 efflux is 15pmol/h. However, when the membrane potential is 80mV inside negative, the Vmax of VF-6-2 efflux drops to near zero. Researchers suggest an H+ P-type ATPase is also in the membrane and is required for VF-6-2 efflux. Do these data support their suggestion? What type of transporter might PfCRT be? How can vanadate be used to potentially test their idea?(c) Discuss the mechanism of action of the enzyme chymotrypsin.
- B) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many ouier cem types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: /1 b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as th perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzyn called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: a) In point form, describe the steps by which ATP is produced…Describe the production of dNTPs from their corresponding NDPs.In the rete mirabile serving the red swimming muscles oftunas, some key enzymes of catabolism show gradients ofconcentration: They are more concentrated at the cold end of therete, and less concentrated at the warm end. These variationsparallel variations that are often seen in the thermal acclimationof poikilotherms, when enzyme concentrations rise duringacclimation to cold and fall during acclimation to heat. Whatdo you think could be some of the reasons for these spatial andtemporal variations in enzyme concentration? Why not havethe highest observed enzyme concentrations everywhere at alltimes?