Please clarify GLUCOSE - METABOLISM IN BLOOD, LIVER, PANCREAS, MUSCLE AND BRAIN CELLS DURING "THE FED STATE" AND "FASTING STATE" (AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC) - UTILIZING KREB'S CYCLE, TCA, ETC, DESCRIBE THE STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENISIS, AND CATABOLIC AND ANABOLIC PROCESSES OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE FED STATE AND FASTING STATE. THIS SHOULD INCLUDE HOROMONAL AND ENZYMATIC ACTIONS IN BLOOD, MUSCLE, LIVER AND BRAIN (NERVOUS TISSUE)?

Please clarify GLUCOSE - METABOLISM IN BLOOD, LIVER, PANCREAS, MUSCLE AND BRAIN CELLS DURING "THE FED STATE" AND "FASTING STATE" (AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC) - UTILIZING KREB'S CYCLE, TCA, ETC, DESCRIBE THE STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENISIS, AND CATABOLIC AND ANABOLIC PROCESSES OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE FED STATE AND FASTING STATE. THIS SHOULD INCLUDE HOROMONAL AND ENZYMATIC ACTIONS IN BLOOD, MUSCLE, LIVER AND BRAIN (NERVOUS TISSUE)?

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter22: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, And The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8P

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Deficiencies of carnitine, carnitine acyltransferases, or carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase affect the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. Many of the symptoms are similar, and include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, low ketone levels and low blood sugar with fasting, and damage to the liver, heart, or muscles due to fatty acid buildup in those tissues. Symptom severity varies with the form of the deficiency. The following abbreviations are used: carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyltransferase), CPT and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase, CACT. Identify each symptom or effect as a deficiency of CPT I, CPT II, or CACT. CPT I deficiency CPT II deficiency CACT deficiency Answer Bank acyl carnitine not transported into mitochondrial matrix long-chain fatty acids not transferred to carnitine long-chain fatty acids remain attached to carnitine in matrix
Discuss how the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase regulate fatty acid metabolism. Explain the reciprocal regulation of fatty acid production and breakdown, as well as the numerous mechanisms that are used to accomplish this control.
phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis activation of PFK-2 increased levels of cAMP Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) increased glucagon levels
phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis Answer Bank activation of PFK-2 increased glucagon levels increased levels of cAMP increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)
Discuss the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Explain the reciprocal control of fatty acid synthesis and degradation and the various means by which this control is achieved
In 3-4 sentences, briefly explain how lactate is formed, the biological effect of lactate, and explain the biochemical process and path for conversion of lactate. 3. The hormones glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin, can regulate blood glucose levels to protect the brain. For each one provide a short explanation as to whether it raises or lowers glucose how it does this, and indicate whether it is metabolic or catabolic.
The diabetic body's reliance on ketogenesis to provide energy due to the unavailability of glucose causes serious health and toxicity concerns in these individuals. 1) Describe the role of ketogenesis in diabetes, why the body elects this metabolic pathway, and its resultant benefits and consequences. 2) Describe the role of ketogenesis in a ketogenic diet, why this can be considered a desired metabolic state for individuals, and the benefits and consequences of ketogenesis in these intentional circumstances. Rationalize the differences between these two ketogenic instances.
The glycolytic pathway is regulated by a number of key enzymes. Describe the various substrates and hormones that act on these enzymatic steps and the type of regulation (e.g. allosteric etc.).
An individual with chronic hypoglycemia was suspected of having a defect in one of the enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis. To identify the defective enzyme, tissue samples from a normal liver were compared to samples from the patient's liver biopsy, using a biochemical assay that measures glucose production from glycerol or malate. It was found that incubation with glycerol produced normal amounts of glucose in both the control and biopsied liver samples; however, incubation with malate did not lead to glucose production in the liver biopsy, even though it did lead to glucose production in the control liver sample. Based on these observations which of the 4 unique gluconeogenesis enzymes is most likely defective in the individual? Consider each enzyme and explain your choice, including why you ruled out enzymes that you did not choose. To answer this question review how glycerol enters gluconeogenesis (figure 9.48) and how citrate cycle metabolites are transported in and out of the…
Indicate what will happen (increase, decrease or no effect) to the activity of enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway given the following conditions: 1. release of glucagon in the blood to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase 1 2. phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase 3. low [carbon dioxide]/[oxygen gas] ratio to the oxygenase activity of RuBisCO
For each of the following situations, predict the major consequences for glycogen metabolism. Explain your logic in a few sentences. Consider the effect on both glycogen degradation and glycogen synthesis where relevant. Will the amount of glycogen be higher or lower than normal? Mutation of S116C in phosphoglucomutase. (This notation means the following: S116 is the normal amino acid in this enzyme. It has been mutated to 116C.) Loss of the gene for GSK3. Effect of the coenzyme analog below. (Hint: how does the normal coenzyme operate and why can’t this analog react in the same way?)
Discuss the glycogen degradation. Give the three enzymes required for this process and their functions.