Question 2 Interpreting data id bgilodgodgHow Hemorrhagic E. coliResists the Acid Environment G 3001pH Sensitivity of the Glu-GABA Antiporterof the StomachGadcAdc250Recent years have been marked by a series of foodpoisoning outbreaks involving hemorrhagic (producinginternal bleeding) strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli(E. coli). Bacteria are often a source of food poisoning.typically milder infections caused by food-borne strepto-coccal bacteria. Less able to bear the extremely acidicconditions encountered by food in the human stomach(pH = 2), E. coli has not been as common a problem. Thehemorrhagic strains of E. coli responsible for recent out-breaks seem to have evolved more elaborate acid-resistance bneSIA 2ordmoMenioto bsbllong200-biul A esnerdmaM lasioid iod g lodeel bm Ini bnoo olabon in ors l n150-eale100-504 met bdmeA A e dmo ullsystems.pHonsini oefT emHow do hemorrhagic E. coli bacteria survive in theacid environment of the stomach? The problem they face,in essence, is that they are submerged in a sea of hydrogenions, many of which diffuse into their cells, To rid them-n Analysisselves of these excess hydrogen ions, the E. coli cells use aomclever system to pump hydrogen ions back out of theirdiw bateiso oidw.eniotong onandmom leginogno abiqilooyla bnu anisionqooyly nisinoo onndmsM.onsiThum vioobi lloo 1s turli so dt1. Applying Concepts ivo19 ebiqiloriqeor19 sa T9aa. Variable. In the graph, what is the dependento Isuountvarjable?6. Substrate. What is a substrate? In this ella biqil erlT Linvestigation, what are the substrates that areaccumulating?c. pH. What is the difference in hydrogen vaws insino vion concentration between pH 5 and pH 7?o ToiToini onuonHow many times more (or less) is that? Explain.w b v2. Interpreting Dataa. Does the amount of amino acid transported ogitnos din the 10-minute experimental intervalullib nes(expressed as substrate accumulation) vary l ordi no awith pH for the arginine-transporting AdiC l bancyantiporter? For the glutamate-transporting uGadC antiporter?b. Compare the amount of substrate accumulatedby AdiC in 10 minutes at pH 9.0 with that otni to onaccumulated at pH 5.0. What fraction of thelow pH activity is observed at the higher pH?c. In a similar fashion, compare the amount ofndsubstrate accumulated by GadC at pH 9.0with that accumulated at pH 5.0. Whatm Issimsdafraction of the low pH activity is observed at m vnthe higher pH?cells.First, the hemorrhagic E. coli cells take up cellulareMrh nohydrogen ions by using the enzyme glutamic acid decarbox-ylase (GAD) to convert the amino acid glutamate toA.2owi lo bozog oY-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a decarboxylation reaction thatlo2uloa sinotoziToyly nodeVul odiailidqoid brconsumes a hydrogen ion.iduloaSecond, the hemorrhagic E. coli export this GABA52olfrom their cell cytoplasm using a Glu-GABA antiportercalled GadC (this transmembrane protein channel is calledan antiporter because it transports two molecules across theodi zqosd 1atew lo gnibnod nogoibymembrane in opposite directions).eviDAHowever, to survive elsewhere in the human body, it peis important that the Glu-GABA antiporter of hemorrhagicaE. coli not function, lest it short-circuit metabolism. To see ifthe GadC antiporter indeed functions only in acid environ-oments, investigators compared its activity at a variety of pHsnowith that of a different amino acid antiporter called AdiC,obwhich transports arginine out of cells under a broad brange of conditions. The results of monitoring transport fordmsM10 minutes are presented in the graph.oM of anolbmo nol aseU hoqansiT belquo) s2.eanolbeD noiterineono ioriT JenispA eolusoloMOutsideising olesba lloo-o-lls)isOtomib ati o aloslom 3. Making Inferences Would you say that the GadCionibInsidecellnaibegcellantiporter exhibits the same pH dependence as the alAdiC antiporter? If not, which antiporter is lessomansYTactive at nonacid pHs?4. Drawing Conclusions Is the glutamate-GABAantiporter GadC active at nonacid pHs? menYT igilGABA29bizeniriiW2922900ons alaotyaob ta.am liso sli ipobro ni5. Further Analysis The GadC antiporter also oquiry & Analysisuoneinunppe ajegsgns(nmol per mg protein)

Question

Accepted Answer

E. coli has following mechanism in normal cell to survive in acidic pH:

Conversion of Amino caid…