Oxidation of lactate by cytochrome C (represented as cytochrome C (Fe3 +)) to pyruvate is an important biological reaction. Below are the reduction reactions and standard reduction potentials (E °) at pH = 7 and 25 ° C. Pyruvate + 2H + + 2e- = Lactate - (E ° = -0.185 V) Cytochrome C (Fe3 +) + e - = Cytochrome C (Fe2 +) (E ° = 0.254 V) Considering the Gibss free energy and Nernst equations, calculate the following equilibrium ratio (K) at 25 ° C, pH = 7.

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Electrolysis

Electrolysis is defined as the process of breaking down ionic compounds into their constituent elements by passing a direct electric current through the compound in a fluid state. The cathode reduces cations, while the anode oxidizes anions. An electrolyte, electrodes, and some form of external power source are the main components required for conducting electrolysis. A partition, such as an ion-exchange membrane or a salt bridge, may also be used, but this is optional. These are primarily used to prevent the products from diffusing near the opposing electrode.