Input to the human visual cortex comes from cones and rods (by way of ganglion cells) in what proportion? a. About 95 percent of input to the cortex comes from rods. b. About 50 percent comes from rods and 50 percent from cones. c. About 90 percent of input to the cortex comes from cones.
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Input to the human visual cortex comes from cones and rods (by way of ganglion cells) in what proportion? a. About 95 percent of input to the cortex comes from rods. b. About 50 percent comes from rods and 50 percent from cones. c. About 90 percent of input to the cortex comes from cones.
The visual cortex of the brain is the part of the cerebral cortex located in the occipital lobe that receives, processes, and integrates the visual information received from the eyes. The rods and cones are photoreceptors located at the retina of the human eye.
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- Colour blindness can result from the loss of specific types of cones, or it can occur in individuals having fewer cones of a given type. An individual has 50% less than the normal number of green cone photoreceptors in his or her retina. How would this affect his or her vision? a. This person has night blindness. He or she should start to eat more carrots to replenish the stock of retinal molecules in the retina. b. This person will have difficulty adapting to varying light levels. His or her cone receptors take much longer to adapt in a brightly lit area. c. This person does not have a colour blindness because no green cone photoreceptors are in the retina; only red, yellow, and blue photoreceptors exist. d. This person has a mild green colour blindness. He or she cannot see green colours very clearly and has difficulty distinguishing colours involving green hues.The transduction process of converting light into neural signals sent to the central nervous system involves which of these steps? A. Bipolar Cells collect signals from Rods and Cones. B. The Optic Nerve carries signals about light from the Lateral Geniculate Nuclues to the Retinal Ganglion Cells. C. Retinal Ganglion Cells relay information to Rods and Cones. D. Light that reaches the eyes passes first through the Retina which focuses that light onto the Cornea.Why is a retinal defect, such as retinitis pigmentosa, which causes tunnel vision, associated with night blindness? a. Tunnel vision and night blindness are unrelated conditions. b. The high density of rod photoreceptors in the fovea are unaffected in each condition. c. The highest resolution cone photoreceptors are found exclusively in the outer regions of the retina. d. The color-detecting cone photoreceptors have the greatest density in the outer regions of the retina. e. The highly-sensitive rod photoreceptors are located in the outer regions of the retina.
- A cortical module found in the visual cortex represents what type of visual information? a. All of the orientation columns found in the visual cortex that respond to the same orientation b. All of the information about the visual world that is perceived by a single eye c. The stacked columns of simple cells and complex cells of a particular orientation d. All of the serial processing pathways for a single channel of visual information e. An array of columns, made up of all of the pathways of visual processing, that provides information about a particular region of the visual fieldWhat early experience, if any, is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortex?A. Cortical cells will always maintain binocular responsiveness, regardless of their experience.B. Cortical cells must receive some input to each eye every day.C. Cortical cells must receive an equal amount of input from the two eyes.D. Cortical cells must usually receive simultaneous input from the two eyes.Which of the following provides an example of serial (rather than parallel) processing in the visual system? a. Visual information is sent from the retina, to the LGN, and then to the visual cortex. b. Rods and cones function simultaneously in the retina. c. The “what” and “where” streams in the visual association cortex work together. d. Processing of motion and shape inform each other.
- Why is it easier to see images at night using peripheral, rather than the central, vision? a. Cones are denser in the periphery of the retina. b. Bipolar cells are denser in the periphery of the retina. c. Rods are denser in the periphery of the retina. d. The optic nerve exits at the periphery of the retina.What aspect of the neural circuity in the pupillary light reflex is responsible for the consensual response? a. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons project their axons to neurons in the ciliary ganglion. b.Pretectum neurons send axons to the Edinger-Westfall nuclei on both sides of the brain. c. Neurons in the ciliary ganglion innervate the constrictor muscle in the iris, which decreases the diameter of the pupil when activated. d. The muscles in the iris encircle the pupillary opening so that light enters in the center of the eye. e. The ciliary muscles contract concentrically to release the tension in the zonule fibers.When a single photon from a source of light hits the retina in the eye, it triggers a signal that travels along the optic nerve to the occipital lobe of the brain. The interaction of a photon with the photoreceptors in the retina first causes the movement of sodium ions into a sensory neuron. What happens after the movement of sodium ions? a. Sodium ions move out of a sensory neuron. b. Potassium ions move out of a sensory neuron. c. Sodium ions move into an interneuron. d. Potassium ions move into an interneuron.
- Which of the following statements about the contributions of rods and cones to vision is TRUE? A. The three types of cones (long, medium, short) are represented at roughly equal numbers B. Rods respond to light at ultra-violet wavelengths (>600nm) C. The relative density of cones is roughly even throughout the retina D. The greater sensitivity of rods in low light is explained by their larger number E. Several rods converge on a single bipolar cellWhich of the following statements explains why vision is less sharp in dim light than in bright light?a. Cones are more responsive in dim light.b. There are more rods than cones in the eye.c. Many rods converge on a single ganglion.d. The dilated pupil lets in more light than the lens can focus.As we progress from bipolar cells to ganglion cells to later cells in the visual system, what happens to the size of receptive fields? a. They become larger. b. They become smaller. c. They stay the same size. d. They vary in size unpredictably.