In the enolase reaction, the Lys 345 and Glu 211 residues participate in the reaction to convert 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Based on the reaction scheme shown in the figure below, which statement below best describes the roles of Lys 345 and Glu 211 in the enolase reaction? Lys345 Mg2 -H Glu211 Enolate intermediate NH3 Mg Mg OH 0=C H₂O NH₂ 01P10 Mg CH₂
Q: Which of the following belong to the omega-6 fatty acid family? O CH3 - (CH2z - CH = CH - (CH2) -…
A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon chain ranging from 4 carbon to 36 carbons. If…
Q: The function of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in eukaryotic cells is to produce a proton…
A: In the electron transport chain (ETC), the electrons pass through four enzyme complexes, that…
Q: Name three metabolic processes in the cell that are enhanced and two that are inhibited in response…
A: Insulin is a peptide hormone released by the beta cells of the pancreas. The key function of insulin…
Q: Suppose you have three polysaccharide samples, one of amylose, one of amylopectin, and one of…
A: Polysaccharides are the complex carbohydrates that are made up of monosaccharides joined by…
Q: molecule with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end
A: Molecules with a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end are known as amphipathic molecules. Such molecules…
Q: How to calculate percentages of arginine 's side chain have positively charge at PH=7
A: INTRODUCTION: Arginine : It is an amino acid with the chemical formula CN(CH2)3CHCO2H. Its molecule…
Q: what telomerase does and why it's necessary?
A: Introduction In the nucleus the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called…
Q: Which of the following are true about oxaloacetate? It can cross mitochondrial membranes It is an…
A: Glycolysis is a pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds and produces…
Q: Which of the following is zwitterion structure of the amino acid alanine? O NH3 NH3 O NH₂ O OH O no…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules that have an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a side…
Q: What effect does a negative effector have on the graph of reac- tion rate (V) vs. [substrate] for an…
A: INTRODUCTION : Allosteric enzymes : Allosteric enzymes are those enzymes which have an additional…
Q: 4. A tRNA has the anticodon sequence 3'-CAG-5'. What amino acid does it carry? Illustrate how the…
A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, genetic information is stored in the DNA. The genetic…
Q: NH₂ Methyltransferases NH₂ OH OH S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) Transamination B Phosphate transfer…
A: Methyl metabolism is well conserved across bacteria to humans. S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) is…
Q: Define the planted motif search problem.
A: INTRODUCTION : A sequence motif - This sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino acid sequence pattern…
Q: Which of the following are characteristics of animal cells? Select the correct response(s): Their…
A: Centrioles are cylindrical organelles in animal cell. 2 centrioles combine perpendicularly to form a…
Q: Insulin deficiency (occurrence/factors) factors affecting insulin levels including biological,…
A: The hormone insulin is in charge of permitting blood glucose to enter cells, giving them the energy…
Q: In the degradation of glycogen, the purpose of the debranching enzyme is to remove the last four…
A: Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose by a set of enzymes. The key enzymes of the…
Q: Describe the biological functions of lipids. What factorscan affect the transition temperature (Tm)…
A: Lipid is a biomolecule which is soluble only in nonpolar solvents. They are hydrocarbons which…
Q: What is the difference between starch and cellulose that makes one digestible and the other not…
A: Chemically carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They have the general formula :…
Q: receptor/s b. the energy source c. if there is signal peptide cleavage or none E. Mitochondrion…
A: Major proportion of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genes. These proteins are…
Q: Problem 1: Calculate the hydrolysis of ATP at pH 7 at 37°C under steady state conditions in which…
A: In a general reaction such as: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD At equilibrium (steady state), the concentration of…
Q: A. Given the 7 proteins in the table, will they all be separated properly using isoelectric…
A: Proteins are high molecular weight biomolecules made up amino acid residues linked via a peptide…
Q: Which amino acid pair constitutes the hydrophobic patch on sickle cell hemoglobin that results in…
A: Sickle cell disease is caused due to inversion of one base pair (A -> T). Due to which, the sixth…
Q: Which one of the following amino acids is phosphorylated during the process of promoter clearance by…
A: The transcription of genes leading to the synthesis of proteins inside the cells is carried out by…
Q: Fill in this table for cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol, parathyroid gland hormone,…
A: Hormones are chemical messenger or signaling molecules present in our body which travel in our…
Q: For each of the structures listed below identify the class of lipids to which it belongs (fatty acid…
A: Lipids are biomolecules that do not have a fixed chemical structure like carbohydrates or amino…
Q: Which of the following is CORRECT? A) Pyruvate kinase requires Mg2+ for maximal activity. B) A small…
A: Pyruvate Kinase is an enzyme which catalyzes the last step of glycolysis, i.e, conversion of…
Q: A Benedict's test: (+) Seliwanoff's test: (-) Bial's-Orcinol test: (+) TLC Profile rib gal gic A B 0…
A: Carbohydrates A biomolecule with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n that consists of carbon (C),…
Q: Kt of glucose for GLUT1=3 mM, GLUT2=17 mM, GLUT 3=1.3 mM, and GLUT11=0.3 mM. Sketch a graph with…
A: The equation that gives the rate of transport of molecule is similar to the rate equation of…
Q: What is most correct about the following inhibition? Penicillin
A: The antibiotic penicillin irreversibly binds to and inhibits the activity of the transpeptidase…
Q: Which one of the following amino acids is phosphorylated during the process of promoter clearance by…
A: In eukaryotes RNA Polymerase II is responsible for the synthesis of mRNA. The largest subunit of Pol…
Q: Cyt cb562 will form a tetramer in the presence of Zn+2 or in the absence of Zn+2, it will form a…
A: INTRODUCTION : Cyt cb562 - Cytochrome cb562 is a variant of an Escherichia coli four-helix bundle…
Q: Why do some starch products set as they cool?
A: Introduction Starch is a carbohydrate which is commonly found in nature like wheat, rice, potatoes…
Q: Which metabolic event is not in the mitochondria? Oxidation of fatty acids ETC…
A: Glycolysis is a the pathway in which glucose is broken down into two three-carbon compounds and…
Q: A biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of two molecules, E or H, from molecule A is shown below.…
A: Enzymes can e reversibly inhibited in presence of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. Such…
Q: Fumerase is an enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the conversion of fumerate to…
A: Parameters such as Km and Vmax are used for comparing enzyme activities. If we know the initial rate…
Q: 1. Identify the encircled functional group (hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, carboxyl). a) H3C. H3C S N NH…
A: There are four major classes of biological macromolecules called Nucleic Acids, Proteins,…
Q: A student is trying to add 15.0 ng of DNA template to a 20.0 µL PCR. The DNA template is at a…
A: Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR is a method to make multiple copies of DNA starting from a small…
Q: Why can plant material be substituted? Plants contain high amounts of saturated fats. Certain plants…
A: Introduction : Linoleate - A linoleate is a salt or ester of linoleic acid(which is an organic…
Q: Below is a fractional saturation curve for O2 binding to adult hemoglobin. Assume that curve Y…
A: Fractional saturation curve of Haemoglobin for oxygen binding describes the amount of oxygen that is…
Q: Consider the enzyme, ATCase. All are true except: It's K effectors are ATP and CTP It is a K…
A: ATCase (Aspartate carbamoyltransferase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the first step of the synthesis…
Q: in the column chromatography of spinach extract Could you potentially see the usefulness of this…
A: INTRODUCTION : Column chromatography - It is a simple and the most popular separation and…
Q: Proteins form plant sources are Always complete dietary protein Seldom complete dietary protein It…
A: Proteins are substantial, intricate molecules that are essential to numerous bodily processes. They…
Q: 1. Consider the following: a) Name it. b) Using the three-letter symbols for the amino acids, how…
A: Peptides are composed of twenty standard amino acids. These twenty standard amino acids differ from…
Q: Fast please At 20 Celsius degree, protein-Z binds DNA with a free energy of –7 kJ/mole. Protein Z…
A: Free energy: Whether reactants and products will change spontaneously depends on the amount of free…
Q: 1. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: The proton-motive force is a measure of the potential energy generated across the mitochondrial…
A: The electron transport chain (ETC) is a chain of electron carriers present in the inner…
Q: Concerning the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), which of the following statements is false? The TCA…
A: Cellular respiration is a collection of three metabolic pathways that generate ATP by the oxidation…
Q: For the following scenarios, determine whether the molecules in the scenario are moving by simple…
A: Biological membranes are structures that surround the cell or organelles and act as barriers. An…
Q: In glycatysis, conversion of a molecule, of glucose, into 2 Molecules of Pyryvate, results in a net…
A: Glycolysis is the process of conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. A…
Q: Which of the following laws of matter best describes the statements on sulfide minerals? Select one:…
A: INTRODUCTION : Sulfide minerals - They are a class of minerals consisting of sulfide or disulfide…
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Distinguishing the Mechanisms of Class I and Class I Aldolases Fructose bisphosphate aldolase in animal muscle is a class 1 aldolase, which forms a Schiff base intermediate between substrate (for example. fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and a lysine at the active site (see Figure I8.12). The chemical evidence for this intermediate conies from studies with aldolase and the reducing agent sodium borohydride, NaBH4. Incubation of the enzyme with dihydroxyacetone phosphate and NaBH4 inactivates the enzyme. Interestingly, no inactivation is observed if NabH4 is added to the enzyme in the absence of substrate. Write a mechanism that explains these observations and provides evidence for the formation of a Schiff base intermediate in the aldolase reaction.Draw the products of the reaction of xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. H H H OH FO HO-H H-OH H OPO3²- Q transketolase Draw glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate H H- H H H O OH OH OPO3²- Draw fructose-6- phosphate Q I ICompare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?How detailed is the enzyme structure known below(It's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase )? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.
- (b) ☐ The exergonic reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and α- ketoglutarate dehydroge-nase (aKGDH) are regu- lated by metabolites, in addition to the reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase. The diagram to the right illustrates the activity of ICDH (A,▲) and aKGDH (O,●) in the presence of 1.5 mM ADP (O,A) or 1.5 mM ATP (●,▲). In muscle tissue contraction of sarcomeres initiated by a nerve im- pulse results first in the release of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As indicated by the chang- es in velocity of the two enzymes, what are the flux changes of the TCA cycle in muscle tissue upon release of Ca2+ under the influence of ADP viz. ATP and under the influence of NAD+ viz. NADH on cit- rate synthase? 100 75 Stimulation of activity (% of maximum) ŏ 25 1. -8 -7 -6 log {[Ca2+] (M)}Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the first step of gluconeogenesis. ATP + HCO3─ + pyruvate → oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi ∆G0’ = ─2.1 kJ mol-1 a) Calculate ΔG for this reaction under the following physiological conditions: 370C, pH 7 [pyruvate] = [HCO3─] = 4.0 mM [oxaloacetate]= 2.0 mM [ATP] = 3.5 mM [Pi] = 5.0 mM [ADP] = 1.8 mMIn humans, the biosynthesis of L-glutamine is catalyzed by the L-glutamine synthetase. The global reaction can be written as follows: ATP + glutamate + NH3 ADP + phosphate + glutamine The A,Gº' value for this reaction is -16.3 kJ.mol-1 (from left to right). 1- Explain the significance this information. 2- This reaction can be considered as the sum of two component reactions which are exergonic and endergonic, respectively, under standard conditions. Write these two component reactions and evaluate A,Gº of the endergonic reaction. Data: A,Gº of ATP hydrolysis = -30.4 kJ mol-¹
- 1) Sketch out the schematic diagram for the enzymatic mechanism of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Please provide the structure of the functional groups of the substrate and enzyme involved in the reaction at each step (rest of the structure can be indicated as R) Indicate clearly the flow of the electrons at each step Indicate in short form the cofactor involved and the acid or basic groups of the enzyme involvedTriose phosphate isomerase In a key reaction of glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) by the action of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase: CH₂OH C=O CH₂OPO3²- DHAP CHO HC-OH CH₂OPO3²- G3P AG°¹ +7.5 kJ/mol Because AG is positive, the equilibrium lies to the left. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction, assuming a temperature of 37 °C. (b) In the cell, depletion of G3P makes the reaction proceed. What is the value of AG if the concentration of G3P is kept at 1/100 of the value of the concentration of DHAP? C ZOOM +The reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase has a ΔG°′ value of +29.7 kJ⋅mol−1. Given what this says about the occurrence of the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase in cells explain how the reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase (−31.5 kJ⋅mol−1) influences that activity of malate dehydrogenase. In addition, explain how the activity of citrate synthase functions as a regulatory point for the citric acid cycle
- [AktivGrid] Draw the product of the reaction of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA (citric acid) cycle. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. rxn' F-C-H NAD+ isocitra te dehydro genase NADH, Dra H+, > Problem 5 of 12 Submit H Atoms, Bonds and Rings OH Charges CH2OH Drag To Pan CH2OH- H OH Undo Reset ―CH2OH- Remove Done ⚫SH CHO +Enolase catalyzes the reversible reaction shown below. Draw the detailed mechanism for the reaction that occurs in gluconeogenesis, namely the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate to form 2-phosphoglycerate (the reverse direction in the reaction below).The high phosphoryl transfer potential of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is explained by the resonance stability of the product, 3-phosphoglycerate. The same explanation applies to the reaction that generates resonance stabilized pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. Show the resonance structures for both products, 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate, and state why the reactant in both reactions is not resonance stabilized.