In the diagram of transcription shown here, fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms: (a) gene; (b) promoter; (c) terminator; (d) RNA polymerase; (e) mRNA.
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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
In the diagram of transcription shown here, fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms: (a) gene; (b) promoter; (c) terminator; (d) RNA polymerase; (e) mRNA.
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- Which statement is false: A) Each type of protein ( ex: hemoglobin vs trypsionngen) varies in the length and amino acid sequence of its peptide B) After the rpocess of transcription is complete, the mRNA that is produced will continue being tranlsated by ribosomes for the rest of the cells life. mRNA never breaks down C) A ribosome will bind to an mRNA and will translate the sequence by reading one codon at a time and adding one amino acid to the peptide chain. It will stop the translation once it encounters a stop codon D) The gene for a protein provides the information on the legth of the peptide, along w the amino acid sequence so the protein can be synthesized by a ribosome E) Once mRNA has left the nucleus, ribosomes will bind to it and will follow the instructions in its sequence to make the new protienSickle cell anemia is a widespread disease in many African countries and can be caused by a change in the amino acid sequence from glutamic acid to valine. A patient is diagnosed with the disease and a genetic fingerprint reveals the following DNA sequence for the gene: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Write down the mRNA sequence for the given DNA sense strand indicating the polarity. Derive the polypeptide from the mRNA molecule using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 below) again indicating the polarity of the peptide chain. Indicate the position in the DNA molecule that could have caused the disease and write down all possible point mutations in the DNA sequence that could have caused it. [ The polypeptide chain is polymerized at the ribosomes using t-RNA molecules. Write down all possible t-RNA molecules with their anti-codons that are used to polymerize the amino acid VAL. Indicate the polarity. 3'-TAC TGA GCA AGA TTA CAT ACT-5' Explain what is meant by redundancy of the genetic code.…The sequence A is read by RNA polymerase to produce an mRNA that is translated by the ribosome: Choose the sequence that would correspond to that mRNA. A: 3’ – TACGGAACG – 5’ B) 3’ – AUGCCUUGC – 5’ C) 5’ – AUGCCUUGC – 3’ D) 3’ – UACGGAACG – 5’ E) 5’ – UACGGAACG – 3’
- Using the transcription unit diagrammed below, in which exons are represented by blue boxes and introns are represented by the connecting lines. You discover a single base deletion in region E of this DNA sequence. Regarding transcription, this mutation will likely: 1.) Result in an alteration to the mRNA sequence. 2.)Have no effect on transcription or the mRNA sequence 3.)Prevent transcription at the TATAA box 4.) Result in an increase or decrease in the amount of mRNA transcribedOrder+the+following+of+protein+sentesis+sequence+from+earliest: (a)tRNA molecule bring specific amino acids to he mRNA molecule. b)mRNA nucleotides join with exposed DNA bases and form a molecule of mRNA.(c)The two stands of a DNA molecule separate. (d)Peptide bonds form between the amino acids. (e)the mRNA molecule leave the nucleus. (f) a ribosome attached to the mRNA molecule.Transcription and translation are separate processes in gene expression; however, they have similarities. The following terms all relate to translation. Which of these has a role that is most similar to that of the transcription start site during transcription? A)Start codon B)Stop codon C)tRNA D)Amino acid
- Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings:(a) Promoter(b) tRNA(c) ExonsDuring transcription, how many RNA nucleotide bases would usually be encoded by a sequence of 99 DNA nucleotide bases? (a) 297 (b) 99 (c) 33 (d) 11 (e) answer is impossible to determine with the information givenIn eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until(A) the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter.(B) several transcription factors have bound to thepromoter.(C) the 5¿ caps are removed from the mRNA.(D) the DNA introns are removed from the template.
- Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?(A) Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.(B) Nucleotides may be added at both ends of the RNA.(C) Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing.(D) RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes.A segment of DNA has the followimg sequence of bases.. 5'-ATGCAATGATATTGAAGCTTA-3' a) What sequence of bases would appear in mRNA transcribed from this segment? b) Assume the first base in this mRNA is the beginning of a codon. What order of amino acid would be translated into a polypeptide synthesized along this segment? c) Give anticodons for each tRNA associated with the translation in part (b)(b) Hemoglobin is made of B-globin subunits. The first few mRNA nucleotides for B- globin are given by: (1) (iii) (iv) Write down the DNA sequence that has led to this mRNA and indicate the sense and non-sense strands and the polarity. CE Derive the polypeptide for the sequence using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 below) and indicate the polarity of the polypeptide chain. First Position (5' end) U A single point mutation in mRNA sequence can cause sickle cell anemia by changing the amino acid Glu to Val. For the given mRNA, indicate the point mutations for the first Glu in the polypeptide sequence that can cause this disease. 5'-AUGGUCCACCUGACUCCUGAGGAGAAG...UGA-3' C The polypeptide of B-globin contains the amino acid Leu. Write down all the anticodons of the tRNA molecules that can potentially code for Val. Indicate the polarity of the anti-codon. A G Table 1. The Codons of the Genetic Code Second Position U Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Met-Start Val Val Val…