In humans, the mother's antibodies do not cross from the baby's gut into the bloodstream. Yet human breast milk contains antibodies and does protect against intestinal infections. Discuss how these antibodies might work.
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Immune System (A&P II)
In humans, the mother's antibodies do not cross from the baby's gut into the bloodstream. Yet human breast milk contains antibodies and does protect against intestinal infections. Discuss how these antibodies might work.
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- On an antibody the variable regions form the __________________.Your body's second line of defense involves white blood cells and is often accompanied by a(n)True/False: The antibody protein has two functional domains, one for antigen binding and a second to confer specific effector functions. These two functional domains are encoded by the antibody light chain and antibody heavy chain polypeptides, respectively.
- Irradiation of mice with a dose of 600 rad of total body irradiation eliminates 95% of total lymphocytes from spleen and lymph nodes and also eliminates all antigen-specific memory B cells. Nonetheless, when Influenza A-infected mice are subjected to this irradiation at 60-days post-infection, and then reconstituted with bone marrow cells from a naive mouse (this replenishes all of the lymphocyte populations), the levels of circulating anti-Influenza A IgG antibodies show nearly no decline when mice are monitored for the following year. What is the explanation for this finding?PREGNANCY TEST Principle: The Advanced Quality Pregnancy Test is a sandwich immunoassay. The plastic card supports a membrane which has been coated with reagents necessary to detect the presence of hCG and provide a positive control so the user can determine if the test result is valid. The sample is applied to the card and reacts initially with the specific, anti – bhCG monoclonal antibody / colloidal gold conjugate on the test membrane. This mixture moves along the membrane, by capillary action, and reacts with a specific anti – hCG in the test region. If hCG is present in the sample, the result is the formation of a colored band in the test region. If there is no hCG in the sample, the area will remain white. The sample continues to flow to the control region and forms a pink to purple color, indicating the test is working and the result is valid. Questions 1. What is hCG? Why is it used to check for pregnancy? 2. Is it a cause for concern if a male patient shows…How many peptide chains (protein strands) and how many domains are present in this crystal structure of this antibody
- Certain antibodies have been shown to bind only to the folded structure oftheir target protein ligand; yet others will bind to both the folded and denatured states of the same protein ligand. Explain this observation.The following reactions are all antigen(Ag)-antibody(Ab) complexes. Match the description with the best reaction. Use each option only once.1. Antibodies react with soluble antigens and when they do, a complex forms that comes out of solution (e.g. is now insoluble).2. Reaction with insoluble antigens (a particle such as a cell with an antigen), rather than a soluble antigen.3. Antibodies coat antigens and enhances phagocytosis4. Antibodies with their antigen involve the complement proteins; can cause the invading organism to lyseAnswer choices to MATCH with the above sentences are:-Agglutination-Precipitin-Complement Fixation-OpsonizationExpress your answer briefly, 30 words only each. Express your answer in your own words. a. No animal can digest cellulose. Reconcile this statement with the fact that many animals are herbivores that depend heavily on cellulose as a food source. b. Some athletes eat diets high in carbohydrates before an event. Suggest a biochemical basis for this practice. c. Briefly indicate the role of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood groups. d. Advertisements for a food supplement to be taken by athletes claimed that the energy bars contained the two best precursors of glycogen. What were they?
- In terms of a virus, how could injecting an mRNA sequence trigger an immune response. be sure to also explain how antibodies, antigens, t cells, b cells, and immune memory work within this situation.Comprehensively explain why the D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the blood group proteins. Can a person with a weak D phenotype safely receive D- positive blood? Why? Why not? (If not, what type (in terms of Rh) should this individual receive? How should weak D blood units be labeled? Can a D-negative patient safely receive weak D blood? Why? Why not? Can a person with a partial D phenotype safely receive D- positive blood? Why? Why not? (If not, what type (in terms of Rh) should this individual receive? Is it possible to transfuse Rh- positive blood to Rh-negative recipients? Name several conditions that should be met when transfusing Rh- positive blood to Rh- negative recipients. Which individuals (priority list) should receive Rh- negative blood? Explain.Why would attaching an enediyne- containing molecule to an antibody be an attractive way to treat cancer cells?