igital Signature using the RSA algorithm: Alice is sending an integer value mA = 3 to Bob with RSA signing. Alice's public key and private key are (5, 14) and (11, 14). Alice first releases her public key to public. How to calculate the signature sig(mA).
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A:
Q: hat is the public key
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A: Step 1 The solution is given in the below step
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A: Answer: B
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A: Attaching the Handwritten solution for the given problem :
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A: The answer is
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A: ANSWER:-
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A: Answer has been explained below:-
igital Signature using the RSA
How to calculate the signature sig(mA).
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- Introductory: The Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest methods of encryption techniques. It is simply a type of substitution cipher, i.e., each letter of a given text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 1, A would be replaced by B, B would become C, and so on. The method is apparently named after Julius Caesar, who apparently used it to communicate with his officials. Thus, to cipher a given text we need an integer value, known as a shift which indicates the number of positions each letter of the text has been moved down. The encryption can be represented using modular arithmetic by first transforming the letters into numbers, according to the scheme, A = 0, B = 1 ,…, Z = 25. Encryption of a letter by a shift n can be described mathematically as. En(x) = (x+n) mod 26 (Encryption Phase with shift n) Write an algorithm and implement a program in C to read the data from a file (called…1- A simple encryption method is being used to encrypt a small number (called the secret number). The method by which this encryption works is as follows: I. Choose a random seed number II. Calculate the key by multiplying the seed with the secret under modulus 7 III. Finally, multiply the key with the secret to get the encrypted secret Example: If our secret number was 45Randomly choose seed = 6 key = secret x seed (mod 7) = 45 x 6 (mod 7) = 4Encrypted Secret = key x secret = 45 x 4 = 180 Based on this encryption method, when choosing the random seed, show which number should not be used, because it would result in the Secret and the Encrypted Secret being the same.example: use the above key, if the letter "a" appeared in the message, it would be replaced with "g" since "g" in the adjacent letter. Return the encrypted message. Examples encrypt("ab c", "abc ab") → "ba cba" encrypt("otorhinolaryngological", "My name is Paul") "Mr olme
- Alice's RSA public key is P = (e,n) = (5,901). Bob sends Alice the message by encoding it as follows. First he assigns numbers to characters: A is 3, B is 4, ..., Z is 28, a blank is 29, quotation marks: 30, a period: 31, a coma: 32, an apostrophe: 33. Then he uses RSA to encode each number separately. Bob's encoded message is: 030 673 332 785 171 589 782 171 828 589 785 568 782 785 713 782 813 785 123 589 828 673 589 487 589 785 813 890 243 813 785 733 243 813 890 589 733 243 813 673 422 769 785 673 769 785 769 673 733 171 828 589 291 785 673 813 785 673 769 785 782 713 828 482 785 123 589 422 243 500 769 589 785 813 890 589 482 785 568 782 785 713 782 813 785 549 589 243 828 673 367 589 785 890 782 587 785 422 782 733 171 828 673 422 243 813 589 568 785 828 673 332 589 785 673 769 777 030 Decode Bob's message. Notice that you don't have Bob's secret key, so you need to "break" RSA to decrypt his message. For the solution, you need to provide the following: (a) Describe step by step…Crypto Columns The columnar encryption scheme scrambles the letters in a message (or plaintext) using a keyword as illustrated in the following example: Suppose BATBOY is the keyword and our message is MEET ME BY THE OLD OAK TREE. Since the keyword has 6 letters, we write the message (ignoring spacing and punctuation) in a grid with 6 columns, padding with random extra letters as needed: MEETME BYTHEO LDOAKT REENTH Here, we've padded the message with NTH. Now the message is printed out by columns, but the columns are printed in the order determined by the letters in the keyword. Since A is the letter of the keyword that comes first in the alphabet, column 2 is printed first. The next letter, B, occurs twice. In the case of a tie like this we print the columns leftmost first, so we print column 1, then column 4. This continues, printing the remaining columns in order 5, 3 and finally 6. So, the order the columns of the grid are printed would be 2, 1, 4, 5, 3, 6, in this case. This…Q7: Using the same notations as in the lecture, e.g., p and q are the two primes and e and d are the public key and private key, respectively, p = 5, q = 13 and e= 5. Using the phi(n) that you found in question 6 and the Extended Euclidean algorithm yields d = 29. What is the cipher text C when encrypting M = 17?
- Q2: Secret Courses Dan’s recently announced that he’s teaching n top-secretcourses nextsemester. Instead of enrolling in them through ACORN, students need to email Dan to express theirinterests. These courses are numbered from 1 to n in some arbitrary order. In particular, if a student named s is interested in taking a course c, they need to send an email to Dan containing the message c s. Note that if a student is interested in taking multiple courses, they need to send multiple emails, one per course. Upon receiving a message c s, Dan looks at the list of students already enrolled in course c. If there’s already a student on the list whose name is too similar to s, Dan assumes s is the same student and ignores the message. Otherwise, he enrolls s in the course. Dan considers two names too similar if and only if they have the same length and differin at most one letter(note that“a” and “A” are considered the same letter). For example, “Josh” and “Josh” are too similar. “Sam” and “CaM”…Encrypt Caesar cipher is a kind of substitution cipher. Instead of using a substitution table, the alphabets are rotated by a number (a key). For example, if the key is 3, plaintext alphabet a would become d, and plaintext alphabet z would become c. Write a program that implements the Caesar Cipher. You program will first prompt for the key and then for the mode (E for encryption and D for decryption) and finally for the message to be encrypted / decrypted. Your program will then output the encryption / decryption message. For this question, the input message may consists of any character, the program should encrypt or small letter case a to z only. All other characters should be kept intact after encryption or decryption.Substitution ciphers are encryption/decryption algorithms that replace one letter or number with another. The first attested use of a substitution cipher in military affairs was by Julius Caesar, described by him in Gallic Wars (cf. Kahn pp83-84). In caesar cipher , you replace each letter by 3rd letter on. If it is out of bound (later than Z), then round to the head (letter A) and continue the shift. For example:meet me after the toga party PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB Please write a program in Java to implement the Caesar Cipher: a. Implement the encryption algorithm. Ask the user to input one all lower case normal sentence (called plaintext) using the nextLine method, and then output the encrypted text (called ciphertext). b. Implement the decryption algorithm. Ask the user to input one encrypted sentence (i.e. ciphertext) using the nextLine method, and then output the decrypted text (i.e. plaintext).
- Many user-created passwords are simple and easy to guess. Program that takes a simple password and makes it stronger by replacing characters using the key below, and by appending "q*s" to the end of the input string. i becomes ! a becomes @ m becomes M B becomes 8 o becomes . Ex: If the input is: mypassword the output is: Myp@ssw.rdq*sPython The Dan Cipher works like this: shift the first lowercase character to the right by 1, the second lowercase character to the right by 2, and so on. Characters that are not lowercase characters are not changed. Write a program that takes a string and prints the result of applying the Dan Cipher.IN JAVA Alice and Bob are playing a board game with a deck of nine cards. For each digit between 1 to 9, there is one card with that digit on it. Alice and Bob each draw two cards after shuffling the cards, and see the digits on their own cards without revealing the digits to each other. Then Alice gives her two cards to Bob. Bob sees the digits on Alice’s cards and lays all the four cards on the table in increasing order by the digits. Cards are laid facing down. Bob tells Alice the positions of her two cards. The goal of Alice is to guess the digits on Bob’s two cards. Can Alice uniquely determine these two digits and guess them correctly? Input The input has two integers p,q (1≤p<q≤9) on the first line, giving the digits on Alice’s cards. The next line has a string containing two ‘A’s and two ‘B’s, giving the positions of Alice’s and Bob’s cards on the table. It is guaranteed that Bob correctly sorts the cards and gives the correct positions of Alice’s cards. Output If Alice can…