Identify the stage of catabolism where the following processes occur: a. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol with lipase b. Oxidation of fatty acid to acetyl CoA c. Conversion of ADP to ATP with ATP synthase d. Reaction of oxygen with protons and electrons to form water e. Cleavage of a protein with chymotrypsin
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Identify the stage of catabolism where the following processes occur:
a. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol with lipase
b. Oxidation of fatty acid to acetyl CoA
c. Conversion of ADP to ATP with ATP synthase
d. Reaction of oxygen with protons and electrons to form water
e. Cleavage of a protein with chymotrypsin
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- Indicate the following where the tissue(s) for the metabolic pathway takes place: Glycogenesis Lipogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis GluconeogenesisIf glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active, calculate the number of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of: a. cerotic acidb. heptadecanoic acidc. palmitoleic acidOutline the chemical reactions involved in the process of metabolism of one molecule of glucose until it is reduced to its by-products, carbon dioxide and water molecules, with ATP molecules produced in the process. Mention the specific locations in the cell where these chemical reactions involved in glucose metabolism take place
- See the oligopeptide below. Compare the quantities of high energy molecules (e.g. ATP/ADP/AMP, NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADH, FAD/FADH2, FMN/FMNH2, etc.) absorbed and produced throughout their catabolism — from absorption to ATP synthesis. What is the net ATP yield from the chosen glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid breakdown?Match the enzyme to the reaction catalysed. Not all the enzymes have to be selected, and an enzyme may be used more than once. v Synthesizes phosphatidic acid A. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase v Synthesizes triacylglycerol B. Glycerol kinase v Synthesizes acetoacetyl-CoA C. Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase v Synthesizes mevalonate D. Lipin v Synthesize 1,2 diacylglycerol E. Acyl transferase v Converts glycerol into glycerol-3-phosphate F. HMG-CoA reductase v Converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glycerol-3-phosphate G. Thiolase v Synthesize cholesterol-esterUpon digestion of starch, isomaltose (an isomer of maltose), one of its degradation products, is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to its intestinal absortion and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the no. of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of isomaltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. Answer the ff.: a) Total no. of glucose molecules entering glycolysis b) Total no. of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis c) Total no. of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex d) Total no. of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction e) Total no. of acetyl-CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle f) Total no. of net cytosolic ATP molecules produced right after glycolysis g) Total no. of all NADH mols. produced after complete oxidation h)Total no. of all FADH2 mols. produced after complete oxidation i) Total…
- Two of the bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis involve: a phosphorylation of ADP using phosphate from the metabolite. b phosphorylation of the metabolite using phosphate from ATP. c dephosphorylation of the metabolite without using it to make ATP. d phosphorylation of the metabolite using phosphate from Pi.Upon digestion of starch, isomaltose (an isomer of maltose), one of its degradation products, is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 4 molecules of isomaltose considering the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. Answer the following items using numerical value only (e.g. 1, not "1 ATP") which will help you arrive at the final answer for this question. a. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis: b. Total number of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis: c. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: d. Total number of CO, released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction: e. Total number of acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle:Explain the fate of electrons that are removed during the oxidation of triose phosphates during the glycolysis.Also explain the glucose be "primed" with a high energy phosphate bond before it can be degraded in the glycolytic pathway.
- Match the description with the correct enzyme. Descriptions: a. Uses alpha-keto carboxylic acid as a substrate b. Directly transfers cytosolic reducing equivalents into the electron transport chain c. Its activity depends on magnesium ions Options (enzymes): A. Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase B. Succinate dehydrogenase C. Cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase D. Cytochrome oxidase E. Rubisco F. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexDescribe the metabolic pathway by which glucose can be converted into fat. How can end-product inhibition by ATP favor this pathway?Illustrate the following processes and explain briefly and concisely:a. lactic acid formationb. glycolysisc. citric acid cycled. electron-transport chain