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how does freidman reconcile the the apperent inconsistency between short term and long term empirical evidence
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- We want to estimate the treatment effect of D ony via a linear regression model y = bo+b1x +rD+u.where x is an exogenous controi variable. If the value of the treatment variable Dis randomly assigned. there O a. the OLS estimate of r is biased due to sample selection. Ob.the OLS estimate ofris unbiased. Oche error u is homoskedastic. Od.the OLS estimator is BLUE."Why can’t I just test the individual coefficients one at a time"? is this approach is unreliable?A problem of interest to health officials (and others) is to determine the effects of smoking during pregnancy on infant health. One measure of infant health is birth weight; a birth weight that is too low can put an imfant at risk for contracting varieus illnesses. Since factors other than cigarette smoking that affect birth weight are likely to be correlated with smoking, we should take those factors into account. For example, higher income generally results in access to better prenatal care, as well as better nutrition for the mother. An equation that recognizes this is bwght = Bo + B
- In 2017, Philadelphia launched a sweetened beverage tax of 1.5 cents per ounce, raising the cost of a 2-liter soda bottle from about $1.50 to $2.50. One year later, the Philadelphia mayor wants to evaluate if this "sugar tax" improves the health status of Philadelphia Propose ONE method (i.e. difference-in-difference, instrumental variables, or regression discontinuity) to address these questions. write down its implementation details (the type of data you need, potential sources to get the data, equations) its pros and cons Only Typing answer please I need ASAPThe model initial setup is• The number of vacancies posted in the economy during a particular month is v = 100.• There were initially u = 225 unemployed workers at the beginning of the month.• Suppose that the average wage is 0.6 relative to their productivity. Unemployed workersreceive benefits that are half the wage, i.e., b = 0.3 relative to productivity.• Suppose that the number of matches between firms and workers are given by thefollowing matching functionsM = Au^0.5v^0.5• Suppose that 45 workers were able to find a job by the end of the month.Answer the following questions.a) What is the monthly job finding rate?b) What is the probability that an average vacancy is filled in a month?c) What is the job creation cost, k?d) What is the value of A?e) Explain how introducing a searching cost to this model would affect the queue length,the number of vacancy and unemployment rate, and wage.Provide justified answer...
- One of the primary causes of poverty in many developing nations is thought to be cattle mortality and disease. An optional system of livestock disease insurance, according to anti-poverty proponents, would increase the animals' general security and well-being. Assess the claim that cattle that has illness insurance will, on average, be healthier using economic principles.The racial and ethnic differences in obesity prevalence occur after controlling for which of the following? Gender Educational Attainment Age Family Income5.4. To establish whether RATE is indeed needed to predict the effectiveness of a treatment, a formal test can be used. Give the name of this test, state the hypothesis, test statistic formula and the decision rule. 5.5. Logistic regression's power lies also in the ability to predict a new observation's class. In order to do that, a cut-off point for the different classes must be established. In this study, an effective treatment of a diseased plant was recorded as (Y= 1) and if not, it was recorded as (Y = 0). The following table shows the predictions by the classification method. True Classification Y=0 Y = 1 Y = 0 45 10 Predicted 8 = 1 17 28 Total 62 38 5.5.1. The above table was created based on the following rule: Predict 1 if ft 20.6 and predict 0 if ft < 0.6, explain this rule. 5.5.2. Discuss the above table. Also give the error prediction rate. 5.5.3. Give the sensitivity and 1- specificity values. 5.5.4. What are the motivations for using a receiver operating characteristic…
- In 2009 the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) conducted a study of 34 membercountries called the Programme for International StudentAssessment (PISA). The OECD looked at reading scores among 15-year-olds in each country as well as the stu-dents’ socioeconomic backgrounds. PISA reported that higher socioeconomic status was associated with higher reading scores, with their socioeconomic index explain-ing 14% of the variability in reading scores. (Source: Sahlberg, Pasi, “A Model Lesson: FinlandShows Us What Equal Opportunity Looks Like,”American Educator Spring 2012: 25.)Which of the following can be correctly concluded fromthis information?A) For every additional point in the mean reading scorein an OECD country, the PISA socioeconomic indexis expected to increase by 14% on average.B) For every additional one percent increase in the PISAsocioeconomic index, the mean reading score isexpected to increase by 14% on average.C) If the U.S. government wants to…Suppose you just read a careful statistical study of the effect of improvedhealth of children on their test scores at school. Using data from a project in aWest African district, in 2000, the study concluded that students who receivedmultivitamin supplements performed substantially better at school. Use theconcept of external validity to determine if these results are likely to apply toIndia in 2000, the United Kingdom in 2000, and West Africa in 2015.Data 1:*2008 and 2013 National Demographic Health Survey showed that the percentage of womenage 15- 19 who had a live birth or is pregnant with first child had increased from 9.9% - 10.1% inthe country.*In Region 1, the percentage of women age fifteen 15 - 24 who havebegun childbearing also increased from 26% - 29%. This was attributed to the following riskybehaviors identified by the adolescents during the Regional Adolescent Congress: Early sex,Substance abuse, Pornography, VAWC (rape case), Fraternities (bad gangs) & Prostitution. Questions:1. What is the impact of the given data to mortality and morbidity rate of adolescent population? 2. What is the impact of the given data to mortality and morbidity rate of neonatal population? 3. Give at least 3 social determinants of health which are contributory factors leading to the datapresented and justify..