How do electroneutral co-transporters depend on the transmembrane potential? Select one: a. They depend on the transmembrane potential to some extent b. They are completely independent of the transmembrane potential c. They very slightly depend on the transmembrane potential d. They strongly depend on the transmembrane potential
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- One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?Assume that a membrane permeable to Na+ but not to Cl- separates two solutions. The concentration of sodium chloride on side 1 is higher than on side 2. Which of the following ionic movements would occur? a. Na+ would move until its concentration gradient is dissipated (until the concentration of Na+ on side 2 is the same as the concentration of Na+ on side 1). b. Cl- would move down its concentration gradient from side 1 to side 2. c. A membrane potential, negative on side 1, would develop. d. A membrane potential, positive on side 1, would develop. e. None of the preceding is correct.Below find the structures for ibogaine and cocaine. Ibogaine and cocaine inhibit the dopamine active transporter (DAT). This transporter is a secondary active transporter, and depends on the primary active transporter Na+/K+ ATPase. Ibogaine had a Kι = 2 μM, and cocaine a Kι = 0.64 μM respectively. (a) Define secondary active transport. (b) Is ibogaine an effective treatment for cocaine based on DAT binding?
- Name the three classes of membrane transport proteins. Explain which one or ones of these classes is able to move glucose and which can move bicarbonate (HCO3−) against an electrochemical gradient. In the case of bicarbonate, but not glucose, the ΔG of the transport process has two terms. What are these two terms, and why does the second not apply to glucose? Why are cotransporters often referred to as examples of secondary active transport?Name the three classes of membrane transport proteins. Explain which one or ones of these classes is able to move glucose and which can move bicarbonate (HCO3 −) against an electrochemical gradient. In the case of bicarbonate, but not glucose, the ΔG of the transport process has two terms.What are these two terms, and why does the second not apply to glucose? Why are cotransporters often referred to as examples of secondary active transport?You are considering transport of Fe3+ out of a biological cell with a membrane potential of -60 mV. What is the value for delta psi in this case? (Make sure you express this value in proper units, i.e., as you would enter this value into the change in free energy of transport equation.)
- The contraction of cardiac muscle cells results from the increase in calcium ion levels in the cytosol. For the cells to relax, an antiport removes calcium ion from the cytosol for every sodium ion that is taken in. Digitalis is a drug that is used to make the heart contract more strongly. This drug partially inhibits the Na+-K+ ATPase in the cardiac cells. Applying the concepts about membrane transport, answer the following: a. Propose an explanation for the drug’s effect.b. What will likely happen if too much of the drug is taken in? Why?Usually , rates of diffusion vary inversely with molecular weights; so smaller molecules diffuse faster than do larger ones. In cells, however, calcium ion diffuses more slowly than does cAMP. Propose a possible explanation.Which of the following statements is correct? A. A transmembrane integral protein is required for a lipophilic solute to move through the plasma membrane. B. The net movement of water through a cell membrane is dependent on both the osmotic gradient and the presence of transmembrane channel proteins? C. The membrane permeability for an ion is determined in part by the number of open unipart carriers for that ion in the membrane? D. Both A and B are correct & C is incorrect E. A, B, & C are all correct Please explain! Thank you so much
- Whereas electrical currents are carried by electrons in copper wire,they are carried by ions in aqueous solutions. Explain how anactive-transport mechanism can create an electrical current acrossa membrane.Below are three statements - two of which are truths and one is a lie. Which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a.The primary active transport uses external chemical energy. b.The sodium-potassium pump which is an example of primary active transport is considered as the most important pump. c. In primary active transport, the energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences between the two sides of a membrane.For each type of membrane transport, know the following:– Is a transporter protein required? If so, what type?– Is there an energy requirement, and if so, what is the energy source?– What is the relative rate of solute transport based on molecule type? On concentration gradient?– What are examples of the types of solutes transported by carriers and channels?