Hall’s
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Fix two positive integers k and n so that k < n/2. Let G = (X, Y )
be the bipartite graph in which the vertices of X are the k-element
subsets of [n], the vertices of Y are the (k + 1)-element subsets of [n],
and there is an edge between x ∈ X and y ∈ Y if and only if x ⊂ y.
Prove that X has a perfect matching into Y by
1: using Philip Hall’s theorem,
2: finding a perfect matching of X to Y .
Step by step
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- Consider a weighted, directed graph G with n vertices and m edges that have integer weights. A graph walk is a sequence of not-necessarily-distinct vertices v1, v2, ... , Vk such that each pair of consecutive vertices Vi, Vi+1 are connected by an edge. This is similar to a path, except a walk can have repeated vertices and edges. The length of a walk in a weighted graph is the sum of the weights of the edges in the walk. Let s, t be given vertices in the graph, and L be a positive integer. We are interested counting the number of walks from s to t of length exactly L. Assume all the edge weights are positive. Describe an algorithm that computes the number of graph walks from s to t of length exactly L in O((n+ m)L) time. Prove the correctness and analyze the running time. (Hint: Dynamic Programming solution)You are given a bipartite graph G=(U,V,E), and an integer K. U and V are the two bipartitions of the graph such that |U| = |V| = N , and E is the edge set. The vertices of U are {1,2,...,N } and that of V are {N+1,N+2,...,2N }. You need to find out whether the total number of different perfect matchings in G is strictly greater than K or not. Recall that a perfect matching is a subset of E such that every vertex of the graph belongs to exactly one edge in the subset. Two perfect matchings are considered to be different even if one edge is different. Write a program in C++ programming language that prints a single line containing “Perfect” if the number of perfect matchings is greater than K, and “Not perfect” in other cases.Sample Input:3 5 21 42 62 53 53 5Output:Not PerfectLet G = (V, E) be a directed graph, and let wv be the weight of vertex v for every v ∈ V . We say that a directed edgee = (u, v) is d-covered by a multi-set (a set that can contain elements more than one time) of vertices S if either u isin S at least once, or v is in S at least twice. The weight of a multi-set of vertices S is the sum of the weights of thevertices (where vertices that appear more than once, appear in the sum more than once).1. Write an IP that finds the multi-set S that d-cover all edges, and minimizes the weight.2. Write an LP that relaxes the IP.3. Describe a rounding scheme that guarantees a 2-approximation to the best multi-set
- Let G = (X ∪ Y, E) be a bipartite graph such that the vertices are partitioned into two groups Xand Y , and each edge has one end point in X and one end point in Y .A 2-1 generalized matching is a set of edges S ⊂ E satisfying the following two conditions:1. Every vertex in X belongs to at most two edges in S.2. Every vertex in Y belongs to at most one edge in S.Give an algorithm to find the size (number of edges) of maximum 2-1 generalized matchingLet G be a graph with n vertices. If the maximum size of an independent set in G is k, clearly explain why the minimum size of a vertex cover in G is n - k.The minimum vertex cover problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V, E) with N vertices and M edges. Find a minimal size subset of vertices X from V such that every edge (u, v) in E is incident on at least one vertex in X. In other words you want to find a minimal subset of vertices that together touch all the edges. For example, the set of vertices X = {a,c} constitutes a minimum vertex cover for the following graph: a---b---c---g d e Formulate the minimum vertex cover problem as a Genetic Algorithm or another form of evolutionary optimization. You may use binary representation, OR any repre- sentation that you think is more appropriate. you should specify: • A fitness function. Give 3 examples of individuals and their fitness values if you are solving the above example. • A set of mutation and/or crossover and/or repair operators. Intelligent operators that are suitable for this particular domain will earn more credit. • A termination criterion for the…
- 3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in Va color c(v) such that 1< c(v)Let G be a graph. We say that a set of vertices C form a vertex cover if every edge of G is incident to at least one vertex in C. We say that a set of vertices I form an independent set if no edge in G connects two vertices from I. For example, if G is the graph above, C = [b, d, e, f, g, h, j] is a vertex cover since each of the 20 edges in the graph has at least one endpoint in C, and I = = [a, c, i, k] is an independent set because none of these edges appear in the graph: ac, ai, ak, ci, ck, ik. 2a In the example above, notice that each vertex belongs to the vertex cover C or the independent set I. Do you think that this is a coincidence? 2b In the above graph, clearly explain why the maximum size of an independent set is 5. In other words, carefully explain why there does not exist an independent set with 6 or more vertices.Let G be a graph, where each edge has a weight. A spanning tree is a set of edges that connects all the vertices together, so that there exists a path between any pair of vertices in the graph. A minimum-weight spanning tree is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible. Last week we saw how Kruskal's Algorithm can be applied to any graph to generate a minimum-weight spanning tree. In this question, you will apply Prim's Algorithm on the same graph from the previous quiz. You must start with vertex A. H 4 G D J 9 4 7 10 6 8 В F A 18 E There are nine edges in the spanning tree produced by Prim's Algorithm, including AB, BC, and IJ. Determine the exact order in which these nine edges are added to form the minimum-weight spanning tree. 3.Let G be a graph, where each edge has a weight. A spanning tree is a set of edges that connects all the vertices together, so that there exists a path between any pair of vertices in the graph. A minimum-weight spanning tree is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible. Last week we saw how Kruskal's Algorithm can be applied to any graph to generate a minimum-weight spanning tree. In this question, you will apply Prim's Algorithm on the graph below. You must start with vertex A. H 4 4 1 3 J 2 C 10 4 8 B 9 F 18 8 There are nine edges in the spanning tree produced by Prim's Algorithm, including AB, BC, and IJ. Determine the exact order in which these nine edges are added to form the minimum-weight spanning tree. 3.Consider eight points on the Cartesian two-dimensional x-y plane. a g C For each pair of vertices u and v, the weight of edge uv is the Euclidean (Pythagorean) distance between those two points. For example, dist(a, h) : V4? + 1? = /17 and dist(a, b) = v2? + 0² = 2. Because many pairs of points have identical distances (e.g. dist(h, c) V5), the above diagram has more than one minimum-weight spanning tree. dist(h, b) = dist(h, f) Determine the total number of minimum-weight spanning trees that exist in the above diagram. Clearly justify your answer.How do I do this? We say a graph G = (V, E) has a k-coloring for some positive integer k if we can assign k different colors to vertices of G such that for every edge (v, w) ∈ E, the color of v is different to the color w. More formally, G = (V, E) has a k-coloring if there is a function f : V → {1, 2, . . . , k} such that for every (v, w) ∈ E, f(v) 6= f(w).3-Color problem is defined as follows: Given a graph G = (V, E), does it have a 3-coloring?4-Color problem is defined as follows: Given a graph G = (V, E), does it have a 4-coloring?Prove that 3-Color ≤P 4-Color.(hint: add vertex to 3-Color problem instance.)SEE MORE QUESTIONS