Gluconeogenesis (work only on the enzymes that are not shared with the glycolytic pathway) AG (kJ/mol) Enzyme EC Reaction Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (include pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) = KREBS EC Enzyme Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 1.2.4.1 AG (kJ/mol) Pyruvate Acetyl-S-CoA +-33.4 CO₂ Reaction Cofactors Cofactors Lipoic acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, FAD, NAD, S-CoA. Coenzyme A. Regulation Regulation Inhibited by NADH + H, ATP, acetyl- Stimulated by NAD+, AMP and coenzyme A Notes Notes PDH deficiency: ataxia, poor muscle tone, high lactate, etc. (GHR, 2012)
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- The same E1-Ez-E3 multienzyme structure found in the pyruvate dehydro- genase and the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes is also used in the branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, which participates in the catabolism of branched chain amino acids. Draw the reaction product when the following substrate is acted on by the branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. H,C -C-COo- H,CGiven 1 molecule of maltose considering the malate-aspartate shuttle. Identify the following:1. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis2. Total number of pyruvate molecules produces at the end of glycolysis3. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon pyruvate dehydrogenase complex4.Total number of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction5. Total number of acetyl coA molecules entering the citric acid cycle6. Total number of net cytosolic ATP molecules produced right after glycolysis7. Total number of all NADH molecules produced after complete oxidation8.Total number of all FADH2 molecules produced after complete oxidation9. Total number of all mitochondrial GTP molecules produced10. Total number of net ATP molecules produced after complete oxidationIn muscle cells upon heavy exertion, oxygen can be lacking and aerobic metabolism leads to conversion of [ Select ] ["pyruvate", "malate"] to [ Select ] ["lactate", "citrate"] . The importance of this reaction to continued glycolysis in muscle is evidenced by the effects on the exercise capacity of individuals with [ Select ] ["malate dehydrogenase", "lactate dehydrogenase"] deficiency. This reaction is vital to regenerate [ Select ] ["NAD+", "fructose-1,6 biphosphate"] , required for [ Select ] ["aldolase", "glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase"] , a critical enzyme in glycolysis. I'm confused if its pyruvate to lactate or lactate to pyruvate in artobic metabolism. Is it lactate to pyruvate? Since pyruvate is converted to lactate in anaerobic condition? Or not?
- In fatty acid biosynthesis explain the following two parts -(a) What effect will an increase in oxaloacetate in mitochondria have on fatty acid biosynthesis?(b) How insulin and glucagon affect fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis reactions/pathways, name them.During Krebs cycle, the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-keto glutarate involves all of the following reactions/mechanisms except Reduction of isocitrate Reduction of NAD+ Decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidation of isocitrateThe oxidation of Gly-3-P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate proceeds with an unfavorable AG which equals 6.3 KJ/mol, yet the flow through this point in the glycolytic pathway proceeds smoothly. Why???
- When glycogen is degraded (catabolized), all of the following occur in both liver and muscle EXCEPT Active glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolysis of alpha-1,4- glucosidic bonds in glycogen. The conversion of glycogen phosphorylase a to glycogen phosphorylase b is a major control step. Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. High concentrations of glucose and AMP act as important control factors. Debranching enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,6-glucosidic bonds in glycogen.CHOOSE THE CORRECT LETTER There are four enzymes of gluconeogenesis that circumvent the irreversible steps in glycolysis. When starting with the substrattpyruvate, they are:A. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and hexokinaseB. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphataseC. Glycerol kinase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphataseD. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinaseArsenate (HAsO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- a) describe the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase Situational Problems I. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and the TCA cycle in muscles are stimulated by increased aerobic excrcise. These processes operate only when O, is present, although oxygen does not participate directly in these processes. Explain why oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is activated under aerobic conditions. For the answer: a) describe the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate complex (PDH) and its regulation; b) outline the intermediates and enzymes of the TCA cycle; c) explain the relationship between the reactions of PDH and the TCA cycle and the respiratory chain.Identify the Krebs cycle enzyme that consumes a 3-carbon substrate molecule, producing a 2- carbon product molecule (attached to acetyl-CoA), along with NADH, and one molecule of CO2. succinyl CoA synthetase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase isocitrate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenaseArsenate (HASO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate B 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate E 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate