"given the numerous processes inside cells that are regulated by changes in Ca+2 concentration, it seems likely that Ca¹²-dependent cell-cell adhesions are also regulated by changes in Ca2 concentration" is true or false.
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"given the numerous processes inside cells that are regulated by changes in Ca+2 concentration, it seems likely that Ca¹²-dependent cell-cell adhesions are also regulated by changes in Ca2 concentration" is true or false.
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- Atherosclerosis can obstruct or block flow in arteries, including those that provide oxygenated blood to the heart. Elevated levels of [ Select ] ["LDL, and VLDL", "HDL"] are associated with atherosclerosis, most likely because of their role in delivery of lipids to peripheral tissues and cells. Smooth muscle cells are recruited to the site of damage, where they [ Select ] ["induce apoptosis of endothelial cells", "proliferate"] , hence expanding the extent of the lesion.TGF-B Receptor I (RI) phosphorylation of Smad2/3 does all of the following EXCEPT: activate Smad2/3 binding to the Co-Smad Smad4 dissociate intramolecular binding of Smad2/3 MH1 and MH2 domains. RI phosphorylation of Smad2/3 does all of these things. release Smad2/3 from the nucleus into the cytoplasm unmask the Smad2/3 nuclear localization signal (NLS).One form of anemia results when individuals have a deficiency in the enzyme phosphatidylinositol glycan A (PIGA). This enzyme is required for the membrane attachment of proteins anchored by glycolipids to the plasma membrane, using what is called a ‘GPI-linkage.’ Included in the group of GPI-linked cell surface proteins is DAF/CD55. These individuals become anemic because: DAF/CD55 prevents the lysis of red blood cells by infecting pathogens. DAF/CD55 normally prevents the spleen from clearing healthy red blood cells from the circulation. In the absence of PIGA, the red blood cell membrane is bare of proteins allowing increased access of complement activating proteins to attach to the cell membrane. DAF/CD55 is a complement inhibitory protein that inactivates any C3 convertase that may form on host cell surfaces. In the absence of PIGA, red blood cells are unable to synthesize high levels of hemoglobin.
- Very briefly, explain how increased cytoplasmic IP3 levels can then increase cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) levels.Gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes are two distinct types of direct intracellular communication. In comparing and contrasting gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, which of the following statements is true? gap junctions provide a portal for small molecules, proteins and small organelles to move from cell to cell, tunneling nanotubes only permit small molecules to pass between cells typically, there are only two gap junctions that exist between adjacent cells that are communicating via this mechanism; on the other hand, there are many tunneling nanotubes between communicating cells both gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes can pass small molecules between cells none of the above is trueSecond-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)
- Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disease characterized by high blood levels of cholesterol, xanthomas (lipid-laden nodules that develop under the skin near tendons), and early-onset atherosclerosis (the formation of yellowish plaques within arteries). In the milder form of this disease, patients have half the plasma membrane low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors needed for cells to bind to and internalize LDL (a plasma lipoprotein particle that transports cholesterol and other lipids to tissues). These individuals have their first heart attacks in young adulthood. In the severe form of FH, in which affected individuals have no functional LDL receptors, heart attacks begin at about age 8, with death occurring a few years later. Based on what you have learned in this chapter, briefly describe the cellular processes that are defective in FH.When epidermal growth factor (EGF)—the ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—binds EGFR on the cell surface, the intracellular domain of the receptor changes shape into an "active state.” The receptor then induces a cascade of kinases in the cytoplasm, resulting in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). One effect of EGFR signaling is the stimulation of cell proliferation. Overactive EGFR is frequently found in cancer cells. One strategy for developing anticancer drugs is to target the overactive signaling proteins found in cancer cells. Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells that only recognize specific biomolecules, called antigens. The major component of an anticancer drug is an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds EGFR. Which of the following will most likely happen when this anticancer drug is applied to a tumor that has a high level of EGFR? Tumor cells with active EGFR will increase and MAPK activity in the tumor will…The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.
- Stathmin is phosphorylated by cyclin dependent kinases in response to extracellular signals such as growth factors. To further understand the role of phosphorylation in stathmin function, you decide to treat cells with growth factors in the presence or absence of phosphatase and observe microtubule dynamics. Based on the known function of stathmin, and phosphorylation of stathmin, how would you expect phosphatase treatment to affect microtubule dynamics? A. Decreased frequency of catastrophe in the presence of phosphatase, compared to untreated control B. Increased frequency of catastrophe in the presence of phosphatase, compared to untreated control C. Rapid microtubule polymerization in the presence of phosphatase, compared to untreated control D. Catastrophe frequency is the same in phosphatase treated and control cellsOnce an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the pathway must be inactivated. Otherwise, pathological consequences may result, as exemplified by persistent growth factor initiated signaling in many cancers. Many signaling pathways possess intrinsic negative feedback by which a downstream event in a pathway turns off an upstream event. Describe the negative feedback that down-regulates signals induced by (a) erythropoietin and (b) TGF-β.The small, monomeric protein Rho has acquired a mutation by which it is constitutively activated and evenly distributed along with the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Describe the effects this would have on cell crawling. A complete answer will include a description of normal Rho distribution and activation, an explanation of Rho function in cell crawling, and a thoughtful argument for an overall effect of the mutation on cell crawling that is based on the specific roles of Rho.