Given that the multiplicity of infection of bacteriophage lambda to E' coti is greater than i.0, discuss in detail the most likely growth path that wiil be taken by bacteriophage lambda, and briefly explain your rationale.
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Given that the multiplicity of infection of bacteriophage lambda to E' coti is greater than i.0, discuss in detail the most likely growth path that wiil be taken by bacteriophage lambda, and briefly explain your rationale.
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- Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenesVarious antimicrobial drugs to treat microbial infection have diverse mechanism of action. Consider the following antimicrobial drugs: A. Seconeolitsine, known as DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor in bacteria. (i) Explain briefly how inhibiting DNA topoisomerase I is a good mechanism of action for an antibiotic, include possible molecular machineries being targeted. (ii) What would be an appropriate response if seconeolitsine works well by stating the state of supercoiling in bacteria. (iii) To prove your answer (ii), you test the condition of bacterial DNA by running gel electrophoresis, one has been treated with seconeolitsine (+ sample) and the other one is not (- sample). Explain the position of each + sample and – sample band on the gel in reference to the point of origin (where you load your samples) or how far each DNA sample travel across agarose gel. (iv) Explain why you would expect answer (iii) for each + sample and – sample. B.…A pure culture of an unknown bacterium was streaked onto plates of a variety of media. You notice that the colony morphologyis strikingly different on plates of minimal media with glucose compared to that seen on trypticase soy agar plates. How can you explain these differences in colony morphology? Also, describe what happens when a nonsense mutation is introduced into the gene encoding transposase within a transposon and why is it more likely that insertions or deletions will be more detrimental to a cell than point mutations?
- DNA sequencing of the entire H. influenzae genomewas completed in 1995. When DNA from the nonpathogenic strain H. influenzae Rd was compared tothat of the pathogenic b strain, eight genes of the fimbrial gene cluster (located between the purE andpepN genes) involved in adhesion of bacteria to hostcells were completely missing from the nonpathogenic strain. What effect would this deletion have oncotransformation of purE and pepN genes using DNAisolated from the nonpathogenic versus the pathogenic strain?Explain the structural activity between trans-ferulic acid and the NS2B-NS3 protease in the DENV-2 strain? Please refer to the specific conserved domains affected in the NS2B-NS3 Protease by trans ferric acid and how trans ferric acid can prevent viral replication by inhibiting the activity of the NS2B-NS3 protease in DENV-2.Conjugation depends on direct cell-to-cell contactbetween a donor F+ carrying either a conjugative________ (the F plasmid) or an integrated conjugativeelement (as in Hfr strains), and a recipient lacking suchan element (F−).
- A cell infected with lambda bacteriophage can follow one of two pathways: the lytic or lysogenic pathway. Describe the similarities and differences between the structure of cI and Cro, paying particular attention to the features that allow them to carry out their different functions.Among the following structures, the drug that can be given orally against B-lactamase-producing strain: is: CO-H OCH COOH I COOH II NH2 HO COOH III IV COOH Oll ONone of the above OlI OIVnich TWO of the following statements about Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are CORRECT? O Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases can inactivate all B-lactam antibiotics except third generation antibiotics in this family. O Genetic material encoding for extended spectrum ß-lactamases are easily transferred to other bacteria via transduction. O Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are frequently produced in Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli strains. O Many Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are not inhibited by clavulanic acid and other B-lactamase inhibitors. OSome Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases-producing E. coli are still sensitive to penicillins. OA new class of Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases has emerged and these have been widely detected among S. epidermidis. O Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are not effective against the cephalosporin family of antibiotics.
- A conjugate was incubated with a mixture of lysosomal enzymes and no drug release was observed in these conditions. The same conjugate was tested for antitumor activity in vivo and an anticancer effect was observed. Taking into account the information provided above, hypothesize a possible mechanism of action for this conjugate.As everyone is aware of, suspected COVID-19 patients are being diagnosed using the Nasopharyngeal Swab Test through Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Explain its principle; its advantages and disadvantages.Briefly discuss (using three sentences) how the concepts and/or techniques in molecular biology are applied in COVID-19 pandemic, (Note: please answer with proper grammar for it to be easily understood since if the presentation of arguments are chaotic the point of the answer would be hard to understand.)