From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories of Consumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compare and contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours: Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesis Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesis i. ii. Robert Hall: Random Walk Hypothesis ii.
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- From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories of Consumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compare and contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours:i. Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesisii. Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesisiii. Robert Hall: Random Walk HypothesisThe neoclassical consumption model, a retirement perspective: Consider thespecial case solved in the text where ! = 1 and utility takes the log form.Suppose the real interest rate is 5 percent. Let’s give this consumer a fnancial profle that might look like that of a middle-aged college professor contem-plating retirement: initial assets are ftoday = $50,000, and the path for labor income is ytoday = $100,000 and yfuture = $10,000.(a) What is the individual’s human wealth? Total wealth?Smoothing consumption and income are motivations for several actions that individuals take- saving, borrowing, lending, investment... it is also an optimal individual choice to overcome the impacts of unemployment and recession. Write an essay on the role, importance and methods of consumption (and income) smoothing in the study of macroeconomics. You may use figures, diagrams and tables to suppprt your answer.
- What is a random walk? How is Hall’s random-walk model of consumption related to the life-cycle and permanent-income hypotheses?a. Discuss the assumptions of the Fisher’s Intertemporal Choice Model b. Using Fisher's Intertemporal Choice model, consider the following scenario:i. Suppose Milo earns $1,750 in the first period and $2,500 in the second period. If he consumes $1,200 in the first period and $1,550 in the second period, what is the interest rate? ii. Now if Milo’s consumption changes to $1,800 in the first period and $2,000 in the second period, what is the new interest rate? c. Graphically depict and explain the Consumer’s optimum in the Fisher’s Intertemporal Choice Model.Suppose Congress decides to reduce the budget deficit by cutting government spending. a. Use the Keynesian-cross model to illustrate graphically the impact of a reduction ingovernment purchases on the equilibrium level of income. Be sure to label: i) the axes;ii) the curves; iii) the initial equilibrium values; iv) the direction the curve shifts; andv) the terminal equilibrium values. b. Explain what happens to equilibrium income as a result of the cut in governmentspending.
- 2.1 According to the permanent income hypothesis, how will a representative consumer's bor- rowing and consumption respond to: 1. An anticipated temporary decrease in income at t = 2. 2. An anticipated permanent decrease in income (at time periods t = 1 and t = 2) when it occurs. 3. Are the answers different if the changes in income are unanticipated, i.e. if they come as a surprise to the consumer? Comment on the size of the marginal propensity to consume.1) In the IS equation why wasnt G in the calculations. 2)Suppose that with all exogenous variables, including T and M at their original values, households become less confident about the future and reduce their autonomous level of consumption from 200 to 150. Solve for the new values of e, Y and NX. With the help of graphs, explain very carefully the mechanisms by which a new equilibrium is reached. 3)Suppose that with all exogenous variables at their original values, the autonomous part of money demand increases to 70. Solve for the new values of e, Y and NX. With the help of graphs, explain very carefully the mechanisms by which a new equilibrium is reached.In January 2017, a report from the National Retail Federation said that “Holiday retail sales during November and December increased 4 percent over 2015 to $658.3 billion.” The NRF’s chief economist “noted that average hourly earnings were up in 2016 over 2015 … home values have also increased and the rising stock market has increased the value of consumers’ investments.” Which models of consumption behavior was the economist referring to? Precautionary savings model and Friedman’s permanent income model Keynesian consumption model and Modigliani’s life cycle model. Inventory cycle model and Modigliani’s life cycle model. Keynesian consumption model and precautionary savings model.
- Explain why the neoclassical economists believethat the government does not need to do much aboutunemployment. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.3. Analytic Question on Durable Consumption It is known that durable consumption is more sensitive to interest rates and expected income. In this question, we investigate if this is the case in the context of the model we have been studying. We investigate the following decision: U (c1, c2) 1 max {c1,c2} 2 VCi + xo + subject to the following budget constraints: The time 1 budget constraint: a = Y1 - Ci and the time 2 budget constraint: C2 = Y2 + (1 +r) a. The novelty is that ro is now a variable to represents past purchases of goods 1. You can think of this as a car. In turn, we have that x1 = c1 so a1 is consumption derived utility in period 2 derived from past purchases. For this question assume that B (1+ r) = 1. Answer the following questions. а. Substitute out a from both budget constraints, the one at time 1 and time 2, to write a single intertemporal budget constraint. b. Show that the Euler equation (the equation that relates the marginal utility of consumption to the interest…Soru 15 Sınav gezintisi Chapter 16: Understanding Consumer Behavior Henüz cevaplanmadı 1 3 4 5,00 üzerinden Question: Keynes argued that marginal propensity to consume is constant and the average propensity to consume declines as income rises. Kuznets, however, showed that as income rises the average işaretlenmiş 10 11 12 13 Soruyu işaretle propensity to consume remains constant: 19 20 Uygulamayı bitir . O a. rises / remains constant / declines Kalan süre 0:07:48 O b. rises/ remains constant / rises is constant/ rises / remains constant O d is constant / rises / rises E Is constant/ declines/ remains constant