Explain the mechanism by which the fungal toxin brefeldin A affects retrieval of KDEL-tagged proteins from the cis-Golgi network back to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Explain the mechanism by which the fungal toxin brefeldin A affects retrieval of KDEL-tagged proteins from the cis-Golgi network back to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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- Describe the mechanism by which endoplasmic reticulum vesicles fuse with the Golgi apparatus, with reference to the role of SNARE and Rab proteinsWith reference to named examples, give a detailed account of the molecules and processes involved in trafficking soluble and membrane proteins from the Trans Golgi Network (TGN) to lysosomes. Include in your answer an explanation of how the trafficking machinery is recycled back, to the Trans Golgi Network in each case.According to the “Hawaiian Punch" principle, different compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathways are topologically equivalent to each other and to the extracellular space. a) Explain how vesicular transport generates this topological equivalence. b) During mitosis in mammalian cells, the nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles. Are the topological properties of the cell altered by this event? Justify your answer.
- You are studying a cytoskeletal accessory protein, AB2. You believe it is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis allowing for the entry of a novel virus, SARS-CoV X, into the host cell. To confirm that AB2 is required for viral entry, you engineer an AB2 protein containing an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence and a C-terminal KDEL sequence (AB2-SSKDEL) and express it in human epithelial airway cells. You compare cells expressing wild-type (WT) AB2 (lacking the signal sequence and KDEL sequence) with cells expressing AB2-SSKDEL. You are looking at the entry of a GFP (green) virus into cells. If AB2 is required for viral entry, via receptor-mediated endocytosis, what results would you expect to see in terms of viral entry? A. WT AB2 - Green ER AB2-SSKDEL - No green ER B. WT AB2-NO green cells AB2-SSKDEL - Many green cells OC. WT AB2 - Many green cells AB2-SSKDEL - NO green cells D.WT AB2 - Green nuclei AB2-SSKDEL - No green nucleiCytokinesis in plant cells is different than cytokinesis in animal cells. a) Explain why it has to be different, andb) briefly describe the processes in the two different cell types.Cholera is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Ultimately, the toxin leads to the activation of ion channels by Protein Kinase A (PKA), indirectly causing water to leave the cell (following ions out of the cell). This loss of electrolytes and water from intestinal cells into the intestinal lumen, produces the watery diarrhea characteristic of a V.cholera infection. Would you expect lower or higher levels of PKA in cells exposed to the cholera toxin? If you were to measure CAMP levels in these cells, what would you expect to find? Why? How might the cholera toxin modify G-proteins to result in these cAMP levels?
- Which describes an enzymatic activity/biochemical function of importin-beta? facilitate release of nuclear proteins after transport through the nuclear pore complex interact with/bind to nuclear localization sequences INLSS) interact with/bind to importin-alpha hydrolyze GTP to GDP + PiHow is the mechanism for a nuclear-encoded protein when is targeted to the thylakoid membrane?In eukaryotic cells secreted proteins are targeted first to the endoplasmic reticulum and then pass through the Golgi, before being released from secretory vesicles into the extracellular space. A much simpler route would be for ribosomes synthesising secretory proteins to be targeted to a translocon in the plasma membrane, with the protein being secreted directly as it is translated. List three potential advantages of the former, more circuitous, route for protein secretion over the simpler, more direct, alternative route suggested.
- Explain the portion of the nuceloplasmin molecule responsible for localization in the nucleus.Name the dark, linear, thread-like structures that you can see in some of the onion root tip cells. What Biomolecule of heredity do they contain?The small, monomeric protein Rho has acquired a mutation by which it is constitutively activated and evenly distributed along with the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Describe the effects this would have on cell crawling. A complete answer will include a description of normal Rho distribution and activation, an explanation of Rho function in cell crawling, and a thoughtful argument for an overall effect of the mutation on cell crawling that is based on the specific roles of Rho.