Explain the biosynthesis of acetylcholine.
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- 10. Describe the roles and functions of the neuroendocrine system.33. Describe how calcium functions as a second messenger.7. Organophosphates, which are found in a lot of insecticides, block the activity of acetylcholineesterase. What might be a result of blocking this important enzyme? A)Hyperstimulation of the nicotinic receptor B)Accelerated ACh breakdown in the synaptic cleft C)Muscle paralysis due to limited activity in the muscle cell
- 39. In experimental preparations, activation of the corticospinal tract can result in excitation of both a- and y-motoneurons. The co-activation of a- and y-motoneurons confers which of the following advantages compared with activation of only a-motoneurons? A) Decreased tension in the intrafusal muscle fibers increases the force of muscle contraction B) Inhibition of y-motoneurons is overcome by activity in recurrent collaterals of a-motor axons C) y-Motoneuron axon collaterals excite a-motoneurons, increasing their total activity D) Muscle spindles shorten, preventing an unloading effect on muscle spindle sensory endings17. Define atropine. Discuss its mechanism of action, uses and side effects5. How might caffeine improve athletic performance?
- 1. How would you describe activity of the RAS in preparationfor and during sleep? What happens physiologically when your alarm clockwakes you in the morning?2 What kind of therapy is most frequently used to treat oxycodone dependence?147 An investigator is examining the effects of various manipulations on the electrical activity in intestinal smooth muscle. The resting changes in membrane potential are shown between points W and X in the figure shown The observed changes in membrane potential are most likely due to which of the following manipulations occurring at points X and Y, respectively? Point X Point Y B) Acetylcholine administration Epinephrine administration Norepinephrine administration Stretching the smooth muscle C) stretching the smooth muscle acetylcholine administration stretching the smooth muscle sympathetic stimulation vagal afferent stimulation E) Sympathetic stimulation. OOOO Membrane potential (mv) -20- -30- -40- -50- -60- -70- 0 in vrr t 10 15 20 Time (sec) 25 30
- 34. Which of the following sentences is NOT correct? A. The contraction of smooth muscle cells is slow, but they can remain contracted for long periods B. Cerebellar cortex is composed of outer molecular layer, central layer of Purkinje cells, and granule layer C. Intercalated disc is present in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle D. Ganglia are ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and glial cells supported by connective tissue E. All of the aboveMake a schematic diagram for the synthesis, storage, release, and degradation of acetylcholine.8. (a) What is agonist? How is an agonist for a target designed? Explain with suitable examples.
