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- In spite of their low affinity for binding to their antigen, IgM antibodies can be quite effective at promoting the elimination of extracellular bacterial infections. This is due to: The ability of IgM antibodies to traffic across epithelial surfaces Multivalent binding of IgM pentamers to repetitive epitopes on bacterial surfaces The high concentration of IgM antibodies in the serum and in all tissues The early production of IgM antibodies during an immune response The high rate of somatic hypermutation in the genes encoding IgM antibodiesIn the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after indicating how the proteins that cause this formation in the cell where the inflammation occurs and therefore cause the initiation of the fight against this foreign substance.Explain why IgM has a stronger power of agglutination than antibodies of any other class.
- Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.Describe the difference between (A) ‘naked antibodies’ and (B) conjugated antibodies in the context of using humanized monoclonal antibodies for tumor killing.Describe the term "in-frame" and also the reason that it would be necessary for the generation of diversity in antigen receptors.
- A 39-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Treatment with multiple medications, including prednisone and methotrexate, has not been effective at slowing the progress of her condition. The most appropriate next step in pharmacotherapy is a drug that blocks the effects of which of the following cytokines? Entaracept : Fusion protein- decoy receptor A) Interferon gamma B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2) C) IL-4 D) IL-10 E) Tumor necrosis factor-a foundCan S-layer proteins be detected by immunolabelling when a capsule is present? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.
- Name two ways in which the presence of antibodies enhances phagocytosis.Can a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/An 18-month old has been hospitalized several times because of severe recurrent infections with Candida chronic hypocalcemia, and failure to thrive . Flow cytomegalovirus shows a decreased number of peripheral blood lymphocytes reacting with fluoresceinated anti human IgGand decreased number of CD3+ T lymphocytes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis. (A) AIDS. (B). Bruton X-linked agammaglobulinemia. (C) Chronic granulomatous disease. (D) Common Variable Hypogammaglobunemia.…