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- Design a key establishment protocol that will allow a Mutually Agreed Session key (Kabc) to be established between three entities A, B and C. This key can then be used to secure a chat between the three entities. I want you to develop your own design based on the conditions below. Note: The session key should NOT be known to the Chat Server (S) and the Chat Server (S) can only forward the encrypted messages to A, B and C and S cannot read the messages,i.e. End to end encryption/privacy is to be used between the chat parties A, B and C. The secure chat between entities A, B and C must use the Chat Server (S) and session key Kabc as below: i.e. A, B and C Do NOT communicate directly and must exchange messages through the Server S. The following conditions apply to your protocol design. 1. A, B and C Never communicate directly. Each entity (A, B, C and S) have a Public Key Certificate, ie. CA<<A>>, CA<<B>>, CA<<C>> and CA<<S>>.…Please refer to the following for the locking procedure: After an item has been unlocked, a higher-numbered item can no longer be locked. Any moment is appropriate to open locks. Only X-locks are used for this purpose. Demonstrate how the protocol does not ensure the serialisation of the data.We may evaluate the two modes of cypher encryption, cypher block chaining and cypher feedback mode, by looking at how many encryption operations are needed to transport a large file.To what extent is the more efficient option preferred?
- PLEASE FILL OUT CHART Shared session key establishment using a Key Distribution Center (KDC). Using the following table, illustrate how Alice can initiate a secure session with Bob with the help of KDC. Here, KEKs are the long term key establishment keys used to transport the session keys across the network securely. Assume the encryption process to be as follows: Block (LB || RB) is 8 bits; Encryption Key (LK||RK) is 8 bits; Ciphertext = LC|| RC where LC=LB ⊕ RK; and RC=RB ⊕ LK; For example, if plaintext=A7 (Hexa) and Key = 6D; then LC=A ⊕ D = 1010 ⊕ 1101 = 0111 = 7 (Hexa); and RC = 7 ⊕ 6 = 0111 ⊕ 0110 = 0001 = 1 (Hexa); so Ciphertext = 71 (Hexa). To decrypt, it does the reverse operation: Given ciphertext of C=LC||RC, it finds plaintext B=LB||RB, by finding LB=LC ⊕ RK and RB = RC ⊕ LK. Alice KDC Bob KEK: kA = A6 (hexa) KEK: kA = A6 (hexa); kB = D8(hexa); KEK: kB = D8 (hexa); Alice sends a message to KDC requesting a session key between Alice and Bob…Design a security protocol that will allow a Mutually Agreed Session key (Kabc) to be established between three entities A, B and C. This key can then be used to secure a chat between the three entities. I want you to develop your own design based on the conditions below.Note: The session key should NOT be known to the Chat Server (S) and the Chat Server (S) can only forward the encrypted messages to A, B and C and S cannot read the messages. The secure chat between entities A, B and C must use the Chat Server (S) and session key Kabc as below: (refer image)i.e. A, B and C Do NOT communicate directly. The following conditions apply to your protocol design.1. A, B and C Never communicate directly. 2. Each entity (A, B, C and S) have a Public Key Certificate, ie. CA<<A>>, CA<<B>>, CA<<C>> and CA<<S>>. 3. The Chat Server, S, has access to all Entity Certificates that use its service and can provide these Certificate to its service users if…One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…
- Is it possible to encrypt both the data and the connection from beginning to end? What are the advantages of doing this? Please provide an example of a situation in which the use of encryption might be advantageous.Are HMAC-based message integrity schemes vulnerable to replay attacks? Is it possible to use a nonce to delete this if that is the case? vulnerability?*****Please use the information provided in this question!***** Shared session key establishment using a Key Distribution Center (KDC). Using the following table, illustrate how Alice can initiate a secure session with Bob with the help of KDC. Here, KEKs are the long term key establishment keys used to transport the session keys across the network securely. Assume the encryption process to be as follows: Divide the key into two halves: LK and RK; Divide the plaintext into two halves: LT and RT; Then ciphertext= LC||RC where LC=LK XOR RT; and RC = RK XOR LT; where LC, RC, LT, and RT are each 4 bits; Plaintext and ciphertext are each 8 bits. For example, if plaintext=A7 (Hexa) and Key = 6D; then LC=6 ⊕ 7 = 0110 ⊕ 0111 = 0001 = 1 (Hexa); and RC = D ⊕ A = 1101 ⊕ 1010 = 0111 = 7 (Hexa); so Ciphertext = 17 (Hexa). To decryptt, it does the reverse operation: Given ciphertext of C=LC||RC, it finds plaintext T=LT||RT, by finding LT=RC ⊕ RK and RT = LC ⊕ LK. In the above example, LT = 7 ⊕D…
- Explain how the keys are shared in the block cipher and stream cipher, respectively, and why they should be different.Identify the vulnerabilities associated with each authentication technique and provide a fix for the issue at hand.Passwords are validated by Bob by first hashing them and then looking them up in a database of hashes.Bob uses a hashing technique to run a password twice, and then compares the results to a database of hashed passwords.Is it feasible to encrypt the connection and the data end to end? What is the advantage? Give an example of a situation when all encryption methods are beneficial.