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- Discuss two-three ways that kinases/phosphatases OR proteasomes ensures proper rates of cell division.Artificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosol13) A phosphotase removes an inhibitory phosphotyrosine phosphate from the serine protein kinase, in MPF whcih activates the kinase and triggers the initiation of mitosis. true or false
- A cell with one mutation is unable to complete cell division (mitosis). What intracellular structure/structures might be defective? Explain your answer by first giving the normal role of this/these structures and then explaining why when defective, it/they might prevent the cell from completing mitosis.Match the following terms with the correct description Go phase A. During this phase, the cell divides into two identical cells. G, phase B. During this phase, the cell grows In size and synthesizes MRNA Gz phase C. This phase directly precedes mitosis. s phase D. This phase can be percelved as a moment in time in which the cell is nelther dividing nor preparing to divide. M phase E. DNA Is replicated during this phase.The retinoblastoma protein (RB) suppresses human cell division by arresting cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and preventing progression to the next phase. It accomplishes this task by binding to another protein, E2F, a transcription factor needed for further progression through the cell cycle. Normal progression through the cell cycle is accomplished when cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate RB, preventing its binding to E2F. Many viruses can induce abnormal exit from G, using viral proteins that bind to RB at a motif at the N-terminal called LXCXE. An example is the E7 papilloma protein, which causes the excessive proliferation of cells in warts. The site at which LXCXE proteins bind is called the pocket domain and is highly conserved on RB and related proteins in plants and animals. The configuration of the pocket domain is well established. Mutant experimental RB proteins are available with alterations in the conserved amino acids of the pocket domain. A simple…
- The retinoblastoma protein (RB) suppresses human cell division by arresting cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and preventing progression to the next phase. It accomplishes this task by binding to another protein, E2F, a transcription factor needed for further progression through the cell cycle. Normal progression through the cell cycle is accomplished when cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate RB, preventing its binding to E2F. Many viruses can induce abnormal exit from G, using viral proteins that bind to RB at a motif at the N-terminal called LXCXE. An example is the E7 papilloma protein, which causes the excessive proliferation of cells in warts. The site at which LXCXE proteins bind is called the pocket domain and is highly conserved on RB and related proteins in plants and animals. The configuration of the pocket domain is well established. Mutant experimental RB proteins are available with alterations in the conserved amino acids of the pocket domain. A simple…Tab. 12. Cellular changes in reversible and irreversible cell damage Normal Reversible cell injury Irreversible cell injury-necrosis Injury Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion Death Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and loss of ribosomes Lysosome rupture- Membrane blebs- Causes of cell damage Normal cell Myelin figures THE Clumping of chromatin Recovery Necrosis Nuclear condensation Fragmentation of cell membrane and nucleus Normal cell -Swollen mitochondrion with amorphous densities Cellular reactions to the action of damaging factors 1. Cellular adaptations 2. Cell damage Reversible damage: Irreversible damage - cell death: 3. Intracellular accumulations (accumulations or dystrophies) 4. Cell aging 16Describe two signals that might cause a cell to go initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis).
- Many common medications function by interrupting the normal operation of certain signal transduction pathways. Which of the following describes a possible mechanism by which a certain medication may interrupt a signal transduction pathway? A A medication enters the target cell and triggers apoptosis by causing the release of di- gestive enzymes from cell lysosomes. B A medication interacts with the phospholipid bi-layer of the cell membrane and in- creases its permeability. с D A medication binds to membrane-bound glucose proteins and acts as an allosteric in- hibitor that prevents the intake of glucose by the cell. A medication diffuses through the membrane of a target cell and inhibits an enzyme that normally synthesizes a second messenger."Like the lumen of the ER, the interior of the nucleus is topologically equivalent to the outside of the cell" is true or false.These types of proteins are responsible for all the following events during cell division: movement of "chromosomes" to poles, sliding of non-kinetochore microtubules pushing the two ends of the cell apart, and also the production of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. They are called _ _ (two words)