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Discuss mechanisms by which cells communicate in short and long distances.
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- Match the below types of cell communication with the appropriate descriptions Small hydrophobic proteins travel through the endocrine glands and cross to plasma membrane to directly effect gene transcription [ Choose ] [Choose ] contact-dependant Endocrine Paracrine Electrical signals which can be converted to chemical signals are synaptic junctions Neuronal Cell-surface receptors interact with neighboring cell [ Choose ] signaling molecules are excreted by the cell to a local region to influence a tissues behaviour [ Choose ]Explain Extracellular signals can be delivered by diffusion or by cell-to-cell contact.Name and define two mechanisms of cellulardifferentiation.
- Gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes are two distinct types of direct intracellular communication. In comparing and contrasting gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, which of the following statements is true? gap junctions provide a portal for small molecules, proteins and small organelles to move from cell to cell, tunneling nanotubes only permit small molecules to pass between cells typically, there are only two gap junctions that exist between adjacent cells that are communicating via this mechanism; on the other hand, there are many tunneling nanotubes between communicating cells both gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes can pass small molecules between cells none of the above is trueSummarize the major types of selective cell-cell adhesions. Describe the structure and role of tight junctions in epithelial sheets and adhesion junctions and gap junctions in all tissues. Explain the function of signaling receptors and their ligands in cell-cell interactionsCan a cell have multiple responses to one stimulus? A) Yes, such as a second messenger activating a kinase and a transcription factor B) No, one stimulus = one response. C) Yes, but only if the stimulus activates two different types of receptors, like a GPCR and a protein kinase receptor at the same time
- Draw a diagram of a membrane receptor and include the following details. Include a depiction of the plasma membrane with which it is associated; label the locations of the extracellular space, the cytoplasm, and the ligand-binding domain.Explain the function of signaling receptors and their ligands in cell-cell interactionsWhen the protein integrin (a transmembrane protein in human fibroblasts) is held in place, by covalent bonds to fibronectin and collagen proteins in the interstitial spaces, integrin is exhibiting: restricted movement in the membrane, based on confinement by diffusion barriers restricted movement in the membrane, based on tethering to extracellular molecules restricted movement in the membrane, based on attachment to other cells restricted movement in the membrane, based on anchoring to intracellular proteins unrestricted movement in the membrane, similar to membrane lipids
- In terms of cell communication, compare and contrast the action of hydrophilic versus hydrophobic ligands (signaling molecules). What type of receptor is used by these ligands? How does each type of ligand influence cell activity?Explain how the interactions trigger intracellular signals that leadto the cell’s response?The following location is where the cell bodies of GSEs are located: select one: a b c d e f g h