Describe the clinical significance associated with abnormal levels of cholesterol
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1. Describe the clinical significance associated with abnormal levels of cholesterol
2. How does liver disease affect the cholesterol levels in the blood
3. Describe completely the lipoprotein
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- 1. State the functions of the different fat-soluble vitamins2. Define prostaglandins give their biological functions3. Define leukotrienes and give their biological functions1. Carbohydrates are and should be the major source of energy. Is it true as many people say "carbs are fattening"? 2.What functions do proteins perform in the body? Discuss the effects of protein deficiency in both children and adults. 3.Define myocardial infarction. Explain treatment and things you should now do.8. The adipose tissue is not only store triacylglycerols but also is active endocrine organ. Explain this function of the adipose tissuc. For that: a) explain the «clinical obesity» and possible consequences of the discase; b) name the biologically active molecules secreted by the adipose tissue; c) explain how secretion of these molecules changes with development of obesity. 9. A daily dict ofa 55-ycar-old woman, consisted ofa 500 g of carbohydrates, 100g of animal fats and 150 g of proteins, at the background of low physical activity.
- 1. Describe the digestion of dietary proteins. 2. What are the different pathways of glucose metabolism? 3. Discuss fully the synthesis of triacylglycerol in the adipose tissue, muscles, intestines and liver.5. In peripheral insulin resistance (a characteristic metabolic abnormality is pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes), peripheral tissue cells, including liver, muscles and adipose, become resistant to insulin (cells respond less to insulin, and insulin action is decreased). A. Explain how the metabolism of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids will be altered in liver, muscles and adipose tissues after ingesting a typical meal consisting of carbohydrates, fats and protein (during the absorptive or fed state) in patients with insulin resistance (explain how the major metabolic pathways of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids during the absorptive state will be impaired in liver, muscles, and adipose in insulin resistance disorder). B. How will the plasma glucose levels change during the absorptive (fed) state in insulin resistance?8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus. Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and the patients with diabetes mellitus? b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetes mellitus; c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated; d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patients with diabetes mellitus; e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.
- 3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Glucose containing Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes inanexperiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglyccrol synthesis increased.8. List the significant conditions causing an increase in the concentration of serum bile acids.10. Persistent waste with toxic substances, for example, an alcohol or some medications, can cause fatty liver disease. What are the possible mechanisms for that condition? What are the reasons for using methionine amino acid for several liver problems, specifically as a substance lowering the risk of developing fatty liver disease?
- Discuss the 3 mechanisms of abnormal carbohydrates metabolism that result in the development of ketone bodies in the urine and give examples of the condition to each.1. Explain the processes involved in the tracking down of fatty acid in metabolism (e.g. palmitic acid) after ingestion 2. Give examples of fats or lipid molecules with their biological and/or physiological importance.6. Kwashiorkor is the discase caused by a deficiency of proteins in the diet that is adequate in calories due to carbohydrates. Children with kwashiorkor suffer from muscle wasting, low level of plasma proteins and fatty liver. Explain the cause of increased content of TAG in the liver (fatty liver). Answer the following questions and do the task: a) which lipoproteins transport fats the from liver to peripheral tissues? b) which compounds are present in the shell and inside of the lipoproteins, write the general scheme of VLDL structure; c) name the apoproteins required for VLDL formation; d) explain the possible cause of fatty liver development.
