Consider the network shown below, and Dijkstra's link-state algorithm. Suppose that Dijkstra's algorithm has been run to compute the least cost paths from node E to all other nodes. Now suppose that source node E has a packet to send to destination node A. What is the first router to which E will forward this packet on its path to A? OD OF OB OC D 10 4 E 4 2
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- Consider the network shown below, and Dijkstra’s link-state algorithm. Suppose that Dijkstra's algorithm has been run to compute the least cost paths from node E to all other nodes. Now suppose that source node E has a packet to send to destination node A. What is the first router to which E will forward this packet on its path to A?Please explain VERY DETAILED this question After running Dijkstra's algorithm in a link state protocol, a router Xdetermines that the predecessor of A is Y, the predecessor of Z is X, and thepredecessor of Y is Z. What is the path from X to A? Ans: X->Z->Y->AConsider the network shown below, and Dijkstra's link-state algorithm. Suppose that Dijkstra's algorithm has been run to compute the least cost paths from node E to all other nodes. Now suppose that source node E has a packet to send to destination node A. What is the first router to which E will forward this packet on its path to A? O C O O O LL B A 3 2 B 8 D 10 E 4 2 F
- Below is a nested MPLS network by MTN. With the assumption that Customer 6 (C6) is connected to Router 6 (R6), execute a Dijkstra Algorithm on a Link State routing to determine the shortest path for Customer 6 to transmit packets to every other Customer/Destination connected to the rest of the Routers on the network. Tabulate the executed iteration for the Dijkstra Algorithm using the table below. Iteration Nodes R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R7 R8 R9 R10 0 [6] 1 [6,3] 2 [6,3,2] 3 [6,3,2,1] 4 [6,3,2,1,4] 5 [6,3,2,1,4,5] 6 [6,3,2,1,4,5,7]…Below is a nested MPLS network by MTN. With the assumption that Customer 6 (C6) is connected to Router 6 (R6), execute a Dijkstra Algorithm on a Link State routing to determine the shortest path for Customer 6 to transmit packets to every other Customer/Destination connected to the rest of the Routers on the network. Tabulate the executed iteration for the Dijkstra Algorithm using the table below. Iteration Nodes R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R7 R8 R9 R10 0 [6] 1 [6,3] 2 [6,3,2] 3 [6,3,2,1] 4 [6,3,2,1,4] 5 [6,3,2,1,4,5] 6 [6,3,2,1,4,5,7]…Problem 2. Consider a packet of L bits that is sent over a path of Q links (i.e., a source and destination connected by a sequence of (Q-1) routers or switches). Each link transmits at R bps. This packet is the only traffic transmitted by the network (so there are no queuing delays) and the propagation delay and processing delay at routers are negligible. How long does it take to send this packet from source to destination if the network is: a) a packet-switched datagram network b) a circuit-switched network. Assume that bandwidth of R bps on each link is sliced into five individual circuits, so that cach circuit receives (R/5) bandwidth. Also assume that the circuit setup time is t,.. Give an expression for the number of links Q such that the packet delivery from the sender to the receiver will be faster over the packet-switched network, and the expression for the number of links Q such that the circuit-switched network will be faster.
- Consider four Internet hosts, each with a TCP session. These four TCP sessions share a common bottleneck link - all packet loss on the end-to-end paths for these four sessions occurs at just this one link. The bottleneck link has a transmission rate of R. The round trip times, RTT, for all fours hosts to their destinations are approximately the same. No other sessions are currently using this link. The four sessions have been running for a long time. i) What is the approximate throughput of each of these four TCP sessions? Explain your answer briefly. ii) What is the approximate size of the TCP window at each of these hosts? Explain briefly how you arrived at this answer.22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? c. (c) hops required per received packet?
- Consider sending a file of F bits over a path of Q links. Each link transmits at R bits per second (bps). The network is lightly loaded so that there are no queueing delays. When a form of packet switching is used, the F bits are broken up into packets, each packet with L bits, of which h bits of it are header. Propagation delay is negligible. Let F = 5x104, Q = 20, R = 1 Mbps, L = 1000, and h = 10. b) Suppose the network is a packet-switched datagram network and a connectionless service is used. How long does it take to send the file?Consider sending a file of F bits over a path of Q links. Each link transmits at R bits per second (bps). The network is lightly loaded so that there are no queueing delays. When a form of packet switching is used, the F bits are broken up into packets, each packet with L bits, of which h bits of it are header. Propagation delay is negligible. Let F = 5x104, Q = 20, R = 1 Mbps, L = 1000, and h = 10. c. Suppose the network is a packet-switched virtual circuit network. Denote the VC set-up time by ts = 250 milliseconds. How long does it take to send the file from source to destination?Consider a router buffer preceding an outbound link. In this problem, you will use Little’s formula, a famous formula from queuing theory. Let N denote the average number of packets in the buffer plus the packet being transmitted. Let a denote the rate of packets arriving at the link. Let d denote the average total delay (i.e., the queuing delay plus the transmission delay) experienced by a packet. Little’s formula is N=a⋅d . Suppose that on average, the buffer contains 10 packets, and the average packet queuing delay is 10 msec. The link’s transmission rate is 100 packets/sec. Using Little’s formula, what is the average packet arrival rate, assuming there is no packet loss?