Consider the market for accidental life insurance where firms are perfectly competitive (earn zero profit) and advantageous selection exists. Note that, like adverse selection in health insurance, advantageous selection has MC and AC that are positively correlated. Unlike adverse selection, however, MC and AC are increasing in Q under advantageous selection. More specifically, suppose that P = 280 - Q, MC = 40 + 2Q, and AČ = 40 + Q. What is the free market equilibrium price and quantity? What is the socially optimal quantity? What price would support the sale of such a quantity? Are firm profits positive or negative at such a price? What is the deadweight loss from the free market equilibrium? What is the deadweight loss if the market for accidental life insurance is outlawed?
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- Multiple Choice Adverse selection describes a situation where an individual's demand for insurance is positively correlated with the individual's risk of loss. Adverse selection occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured. This can happen, for example, when a person takes more risks because someone else bears the cost of those risks. The relationship between smoking status and mortality provides a good illustration for adverse selection, especially in the case in which a life insurance company did not vary its premiums according to smoking status of its customers. To counter the effects of adverse selection, insurers may offer premiums that are proportional to a customer's risk.The accompanying table shows the results from a test for a certain disease. Find the probability of selecting a subject with a negative test result, given that the subject has the disease. What would be an unfavorable consequence of this error? The probability is (Round to three decimal places as needed.) What would be an unfavorable consequence of this error? O A. The test would be shown to be not effective. OB. The test would be shown to be not reliable. O C. The subject would experience needless stress and additional testing. O D. The subject would not receive treatment and could spread the disease. The individual actually had the disease Yes Positive 343 Negative 10 No 9 1148For 11-18: GIVEN TREATMEN T CHOICES Treatment COST LIFE Treatment D $15,000 31 Treatment $17,000 29 W no treatment EXPECTANCY Treatment B $7,000 18 Treatment C $11,000 26 Treatment Y $9,000 19 Treatment X $13,000 23 Treatment A $3,000 10 Treatment Z $5,000 16 $0 2 11. Which of the following is true? A) X OD C B) W is OD by C C) COD W D) W is OD by D B) X only C) X and W D) W only years years years years years years years years years E) all the choices are true 12. Identify all the obviously dominated treatments A) A and Z 13. Name all the obviously DOMINATING treatments. (only the treatments that obviously dominate other treatment(s) A) Y and B B) X and W C) C only D) C and D E) A,Z,B,Y,Z,D: all these treatments that are not obviously dominated, obviously dominate some treatment
- Consider the Hawk–Dove situation shown here. a. Show that an ESS uses hawk with probability 2/3.b. In this chapter, we’ve only allowed a mutation to be of a single strategy.Departing from that assumption, consider a small mutation in whichhalf of the mutants are hawks and half are doves (i.e., they use onlypure strategies). Determine whether the ESS in part (a) is immune tothis mutation; that is, determine whether the ESS has higher fitnessthan that of each of these mutants.In the RAND study, two plans had full coverage for spending within the hospital, but one had a $150 deductible for ambulatory care. Th e plan with the ambulatory care deductible had a lower probability of hospital admission (0.115) per year than did the plan with full coverage for everything (0.128), even though both plans covered hospital care fully. (See Table) What does this tell you about the use of hospital and ambulatory. Plan Admissionsper Year Inpatient Cost(1984 Dollars) C = 0 0.128 409 C=0.5 0.092 450 C=0.95 0.099 315 $150 individual deductible 0.115 373The Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function is a widely used specifica- tion of preferences in economics that captures risk aversion and intertemporal consump- tion smoothing. The CRRA utility function has the desirable property that the degree of risk aversion is constant and independent of the level of consumption. This means that as a household's consumption grows, its willingness to take risks remains the same. The coefficient of relative risk aversion (σ) measures the extent to which households are risk- averse and prefer a smooth consumption path over time. A higher value of σ indicates a greater degree of risk aversion and a stronger preference for consumption smoothing. Consider a two-period endowment economy with a large number of identical house- holds. Each household has the following lifetime utility function: U(j) = C+(j) 1-0 - 1 1-σ +ẞ C++1(j) 1-0 - 1 1-σ where C₁(j) and C++1(j) are consumption in periods t and t + 1 for household j, re- spectively, ẞ is…
- The goal of health insurance is to O spread financial risk over a large group of people O equally distribute the probabifity of loss over a large number of people collect sufficient premiums to cover all possible losses O equalize the availability of medical care across population groups O redistribute income from the sick to the healthyAbbey, a surgeon, is risk-averse and is considering operating on a patient. She receives positive utility, S, if the operation is successful, but negative utility, -U, if unsuccessful. She receives zero utility if she doesn't operate. I emphasize the S and U are utility values, not monetary payoffs. Please indicate which of the following statements are true or false. Abbey won't operate because she is risk-averse. Abbey will operate if S>U. We can't say if Abbey will operate or not.Suppose a particular population has two kinds of health risks, high and low. Let the expected annual health care costs for the high risk be $10,000, and for the low risk, half that. If there are twice as many low risk as high risk individuals, and if the one insurer’s administrative load is 20%, what would the community rated premium be if everyone is compelled to and able to buy health insurance? Note: administrative load can be construed as the amount that the insurer has in costs to run the plans above and beyond the "health care costs."
- The insured population requiring care from the health services falls into one of two groups (pathologies to treat): type A and type B patients. Let's assume that there is only one patient per group. So, there are patients of one type (A) with a disease that reduces their health status in 5 QALYS, and there are patients of another type (B) with an illness that reduces their health status in 3 QALYS. Several drugs are available to the population. The more expensive they are, the greater their efficacy and the greater the number of QALYS gained. The price of a drug is related to its effectiveness and the price of the drug rises by one monetary unit for each additional QALY it provides. Therefore, to be able to restore their health, type A patients need a drug priced at 5 monetary units, and type B patients need a drug priced at 3 monetary units. Both patients (A and B) have the same income, 10 monetary units. What sacrifice, in welfare units per QALY, must a type B patient endure to be…Suppose a US medical board is using marginal analysis to determine the optimal screening frequency for a specific disease. Below is the approximate number of early cases detected as you expand testing to a broarder population. Suppose further that each early detection case is considered to have a benefit of $50,000 and the cost of screening one person is $20,000. Number of people Total Number of screened in a Early Detection given a year Cases 1,000 500 2,000 1000 3,000 1400 4,000 1700 5,000 1900 The marginal benefit to screening 2 thousand people is, and 3 thousand people is 500 early detection cases ($25,000,000); 400 cases ($20,000,000) 1000 early detection cases ($50,000,000); 1400 ($70,000,000) early cases O 1400 ($70,000,000) early cases; 1000 early detection cases ($50,000,000) 400 cases ($20,000,000); 500 early detection cases ($25,000,000) PAn important distinction in health insurance is between the list price (PL) and out-of-pocket price (PP) of a medical good or service. The list price is the official price that the provider charges the insurance company, while the out-of-pocket price is the price that the insurance customer faces. Sometimes, the out-of-pocket price depends on the list price. d. Now assume the consumer is part of a partial insurance plan with a coinsurance provision. Her insurance pays 50% of all medical expenses. Consider again the relationship between PL and PP and plot a coinsurance plan demand curve in PL - Q space. Label this curve D3. e. Finally, assume the consumer is part of a partial insurance plan with a copayment provision. Her insurance pays all expenses above and beyond her copayment of $25 for each unit of Q. Consider again the relationship between PL and PP and plot a copayment-plan demand curve in PL - Q space. Label this curve D4.