5. Consumer preferences fluctuate across time. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic,consumers value current leisure more than all other goods since market work exposes them to virusinfection. Thus, the disruption is identified as a huge adverse labor supply shock in the economy.Suppose that a representative consumer chooses (c, d, l, l') to maximize her utility u(c, c', l, l') sub-ject to a real lifetime budget constraintc+wl +1w'+ -I' ≤ wh+T+1+r 1+rw'h + π'1 + rThe consumer also make a decision on money holdingmDm² = pL(y,r)where P denotes the nominal price level, y is the real GDP, and r denotes the real interest rate.Assume that the money supply ms is fixed and exogenous.The firm in this economy chooses the amount physical capital investment i and the amount of laborthey hire in the first and second period, nD and nD', to maximize the profitII = π +πT'1+rwhereπ =zF(k,n) - wn-iT' = 2F (k', n') + (1 - 8)k' -w'n'k' = (1-8)k + i.Consider the adverse labor supply shock is powerful enough so that in equilibrium, leisure increasesand current consumption falls. Identify and explain how the following change (i.e., rise, fall, nochange, or ambiguous)Current outputb. Current investmentc. Current employmentd. Current real wagee. The real interest rate

Labor supply shock refers to a significant change that lessens the labor supply availability. The…

Consider the adverse labor supply shock is powerful enough so that in equilibrium, leisure increases and current consumption falls. Identify and explain how the following change (i.e., rise, fall, no change, or ambiguous) a. Current output b. Current investment c. Current employment d. Current real wage e. The real interest rate

Consider the adverse labor supply shock is powerful enough so that in equilibrium, leisure increases and current consumption falls. Identify and explain how the following change (i.e., rise, fall, no change, or ambiguous) a. Current output b. Current investment c. Current employment d. Current real wage e. The real interest rate

Microeconomic Theory

12th Edition

ISBN:9781337517942

Author:NICHOLSON

Publisher:NICHOLSON

Chapter4: Utility Maximization And Choice

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4.12P

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2. Consider a consumer whose preference relation over the consumption set X = R can be repre- sented by the utility function: u (x1, x2, 13) = A (x1 – T1)ª (x2 – ã2)° (x3 – ã3)" - where A, a, B and y are all strictly positive. (a) Why can you assume A = 1 and a + B+y= 1 without loss of generality? Do so for the rest of the question. (b) Solve the UMP and derive the consumer's Walrasian demand. (c) Find the indirect utility function, the minimum expenditure function, and the Hicksian demand function.
Linda loves buying shoes and going out to dance. 20 Her utility function for pairs of shoes, S, and the number of times she goes dancing per month, T, is: 18- 16- U(S, T) = 2ST 14- It costs Linda $75 to buy a new pair of shoes or to spend an evening out dancing. Assume that she has $750 to spend on shoes and dancing. E 12- 1.) Use the line drawing tool to draw Linda's budget line. Properly label this line. 10- 2.) Use the point drawing tool to locate Linda's optimal consumption bundle. Label this point 'R'. 8- 6- Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required objects. 4- What is Linda's marginal rate of substitution? -. (Enter your response as an 2- integer. Note that the minus sign is already included.) 0- 12 10 Shoes (S) 14 16 18 20 React tv MacBook Air 80 DII F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 @ 23 2$ & 1 3 4 7 8 Q W E T Y { A S F H. J K C V M. く tion command command option ピーの Dancing (T) コ B. レ

Question 2 David spends his budget on chocolate and chip. His utility function is given by ?(?1,?2)= 2?1?2, where ?1 is the number of chocolates he consumers per week, and ?2 is the number of chips he buys per week. A chocolate costs 10 SEK, and a chip costs 20 SEK. David’s weekly budge for consuming on these two goods is 120 SEK. (1) What is David’s budge line? Draw the budget line on a graph with chocolate amounts on the horizontal axis and chip amounts on the vertical axis. Write explicitly at which points budget line crosses the axis. (2) What is David’s marginal utilities for the two goods, respectively? What is his marginal rate of substitution between the two goods? (3) What is David’s optimal choice? Calculate the numerical answer for the optimal bundle. Also draw an indifference curve for David on the same graph as question(1) and show the optimal bundle.
1. A standard model of choice under risk is Expected Utility Theory (EUT) in which preferences over lotteries that pay monetary prizes (x₁, x2, ..., xs) with probabilities (P1, P2, ..., Ps) with Eps = 1 are represented by the function L S (a) What does it mean to say that a function represents the consumer's prefer- ences? Σpsu(xs) Choice 1 8=1 (b) State and briefly comment on the axioms required for the EUT representation. (c) Consider the following experiment of decision making under risk in which sub- jects are asked which lottery they prefer in each of the following two choices: Lottery B 0 with prob. 0.01 10 with prob. 0.89 50 with prob. 0.10 Lottery D Choice 2 Lottery A 0 with prob. 0 10 with prob. 1 50 with prob. 0 Lottery C 0 with prob. 0.90 10 with prob. 0 50 with prob. 0.10 Suppose that the modal responses are Lottery A in Choice 1 and Lottery D in Choice 2. Assume that utility of zero is equal to zero and illustrate why it is not possible to reconcile these experimental…
Jane spends $210 per month on wine and beer. Her utility function is given by TU = 100WB, where W represents the number of bottles of wine that she buys and B represents the number of cases of beer that she buys. If wine costs $10 per bottle and beer costs $15 per case, she will maximize utility by buying: 10 bottles of wine and 13.33 cases of beer. equal amounts of wine and beer. none of the above. 10.5 bottles of wine and 7 cases of beer. 2 bottles of wine and 3 cases of beer.
of 55 The vending machine in Katherine's office building offers cans of pop and candies. Katherine's utility function is U = 3PC, where P is the amount of pop consumed per week and C is the amount of candy consumed per week. Pop costs $1 and candy costs $0.5 per bag. If Katherine has $10 to spend, she will consume
2. A consumer has a utility fuinction given by a) Derive an expression for the two marginal utilities: MU (x1, 22) and MU2 (21, r2). Since AMRS = -YU use these marginal utilities to derive a simple expression for the MRS (r1, 22). b) Optimal choice on the part of the consumer implies MI RS = -. Suppose M 20, p1 = p2 = 1. Show the optimal choice in this case on a well-labelled graph of the budget set. Include an indifference curve consistent with these preferences. c) Now keep income at 20, and pi = 1, but set p2 - 2. Show the optimal choice in this case on a well-labelled graplh of the budget set. Inclnde an indifference curve consistent with these preferences.
4.If we observe a consumer choosing (x1, x2) when (y1, y2) is available one time, are we justified in concluding that (x1, x2) > (y1, y2)?
1. Prove that MRS = - holds when the utility function is U = U₂ = U (91, 92).
Ding Ding is a cat philosopher. He spends his time on two activities. Sleep and thinking. Both activities produce pleasure to Ding Ding. How effective Ding Ding is in each activity varies day by day. But on a given day, if he spend “s” effective hours in sleeping and “t” effective hours in thinking, his utility is u(s,t)=s^2+t. you can assume that time is continuous in answering the following question. (A) Let us first ignore that there are only 24 hours each day. Label “s” on the x-axis and “t” on the y-axis in a diagram. Draw two indifference curves u(s,t)=s^2+t=24^2=576, and u(s,t)= s^2+t=12^2=144. On each indifference curve, you have to mark at least the coordinates of four points to illustrate the shape of it. (B) Describe in words how these two indifference curves in (a) relate to each other.
2. Answer all parts (a) (c) of this question. (a) Consider an agent whose preferences over any couple (x1, x2), where 2₁ ER+ and x2 € R+, e.g., apples and oranges, is such that she prefers the bundle that is closest to having the same number of apples and oranges. Write a utility function u: R² → R+ which represent these preferences. A politician remarks "Our recent increases in the wage rates of teachers has been a total suc- cess! The shortage of teachers has been reduced drastically. Another, similar wage increase should eliminate this shortage entirely" (b) Explain and illustrate in a diagram what is meant by "income effects" and "substitution effects" of a wage rate change. (c) Explain and illustrate how you would model the labour supply decision of a potential teacher. Do you agree that the wage increase will increase the labour supply in this case? Carefully outline the assumptions underlying your argument.
The price of X is $20 and the price of Y is $40. Y 30 Uz 24 40 Units of good X based on the graph, at point B, Multiple Choiİce < Prev B. 14 Units of good Y