Consider a hypothetical cell where the import of glucose is powered through the coupled export of sodium ions. Which of the following are true? This is known as symport. This process does not require energy. Glucose is moving down its electrochemical gradient. Sodium is moving down its electrochemical gradient.
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- The parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness, uses proline as an energy source during one stage of its life cycle. The properties of this proline-specific transporter were investigated in a series of experiments. L-hydroxyproline inhibited the transporter. D-proline did not inhibit the transporter. Na*, K*, and pH changes did not affect the transporter. Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis based on this data? The proline transporter is a Na+-K+ ion pump. The proline transporter cleaves amide bonds. The proline transporter is stereospecific. The proline transporter requires metal-ion catalysis. The proline transporter has an essential ionizable histidine residue,Liver cells are in contact with the blood and exchange a variety of substances with the blood plasma (the noncellular part of blood). The concentration of water is equal in the cytoplasm of liver cells and in the blood plasma. Explain this observation in terms of membrane permeability and transport mechanisms. Animal cells typically maintain a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell and a higher concentration of K+ inside the cell via the Na+-K+ pump. The drug ouabain inhibits the activity of the Na+-K+ pump. A nerve cell is incubated in ouabain. Predict what will happen to the concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the nerve cell as a result.The Na+ /glucose symport transports glucose from the lumen of the smallintestine into cells lining the lumen. Transport of 1 glucose molecule isdirectly coupled to the transport of 1 Na+ ion into the cell. 1 Na+out + 1 glucoseout → 1 Na+in + 1 glucoseinAssume the following conditions at 37 °C: [Na+]in = 12 mM, [Na+]out =145 mM, [glucose]out = 28 μM, and Δψ = -72 mV (inside negative).(a) What is ΔG for transport of Na+ from outside to inside under theseconditions?(b) What is the upper limit for [glucose]in under these conditions?(c) Which of the two hypothetical symports shown below (A or B) wouldachieve the highest concentration of [glucose]in under the conditionsdescribed above? Briefly explain your choice. A: 1 Na+out + 2 glucoseout → 1 Na+in + 2 glucosein B: 2 Na+out + 1 glucoseout → 2 Na+in + 1 glucosein
- Glucose transporters are either open to the extracellular side or open to the intracellular side of the membrane but never both at the same time. True or False? Movement of an ion against or up its concentration gradient is exergonic. True or False? If an amino acid is transported into intestinal epithelial cells through a transporter that is able to concentrate the amino acid using a sodium ion moving down its gradient, this transporter is an example of primary active transport. True or False? The maximum gradient a primary active transporter can build has a potential energy which in magnitude is greater than or equal to the magnitude of the energy released by ATP hydrolysis. True or False?Sugars are transported in symport with Na+. Na+ upon some time accumulates causing the need to transport the Na+ back to outside the cell. How is this transport effected so that equilibrium concentrations of electrolytes are maintained in the cells, in accordance with transport in animal cells?Explain why, when a concentration gradient exists on two sides of membrane, that the spontaneous movement of solute molecules is from areas of high concentration towards low concentration. (hint: think of thermodynamics)
- Compare and contrast the different transport mechanisms: Electrochemical gradient Carrier-Mediated/Not Metabolic Energy Na+ Gradient Inhibition of Na-K PumpGlucose moves into red blood cells via facilitated diffusion using the glucose transporter. Glucose transporter, also known as GLUT, is a uniporter. How does a uniporter work? A Uniporter transports one solute at a time in the same direction. (B Uniporter transports two different solutes at the same time in the same direction. CUniporter transports two different solutes in opposite directions. D Uniporter transports two similar solutes at the same time in the same direction.Which of the following would decrease the electrochemical gradient across a membrane? an ion channel lysosome proton pump Na/K pump
- What is the advantage of using ATP as a common energy source?Another way of asking this question is, “Why does ATP provide anadvantage over using a bunch of different food molecules?” For example,instead of just having a Na+/K+-ATPase in a cell, why not have manydifferent ion pumps, each driven by a different food molecule, like aNa+/K+-glucosase (a pump that uses glucose), a Na+/K+-sucrase (a pumpthat uses sucrose), a Na+/K+-fatty acidase (a pump that uses fatty acids),and so on?Amino acids are taken up by animal cells using a symport in the plasma membrane. What is the most likely ion whose electrochemical gradient drives the import? is ATp consumed in the process? if so, how?Select the correct statement regarding electrochemical gradients. Thermodynamically, electrochemical gradients will maintain their relative concentrations across both sides of the membrane. The cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane has a net positive charge relative to the extracellular side. Ions can freely pass through the cell membrane. Electrochemical gradients are sources of potential energy due to the differences in concentrationsand charge across both sides of the cell membrane. Select the correct statement(s) about transfer RNAs. Codon recognition occurs through specific base-pairing by the anticodon arm. Amino acids are linked to the T-loop. They are transcribed by RNA Polymerase III. There is strict matching requirements at the third position, else the tRNA cannot interact with the codon.