Compare and contrast, by making use of two graphs the policy options of liability and property rights approaches and command-and-control strategies on emission standards.
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1. Compare and contrast, by making use of two graphs the policy options of liability and property rights approaches and command-and-control strategies on emission standards.
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- There are costs/effects associated with pollution control. Discuss two costs to the U.S economy. In addition, name and use a two industry example(,one polluting and affecting the operations of the other(non polluting), explain how this pollution leads to inequity and inefficiency.1. Explain how marketable emission credits add to overall economic efficiency, compared to across-the-board limitations on maximum discharges of air pollutants by firms 2. Why is it in the interest of new homebuyers and builders of new homes to have government building codes and building inspectors?1 SINGLE SPACED FULL PAGE Emission charges and cap-and-trade systems are the two dominant market incentive-based approaches for the reduction of emissions. Describe how an emission charge or tax works. Describe how a cap-and-trade system works. Contrast the two systems: what are the fundamental differences between them? Do those differences matter? Provide two examples of jurisdictions that impose a carbon tax. Provide two examples of jurisdictions that imposes a cap-and-trade regime. As the manager of a business that produces emissions, which system would you prefer to face? Why?
- 3) There are three industrial firms in Cleạnair County. Cost of Reducing Pollution by 1 unit $30 $35 Firm Initial Pollution Level Alpha 80 units Bravo 70 units Charlie 60 units $20 The government wants to reduce pollution to 150 units, so it considers the following policy approaches. (a) Require that every firm reduces its pollution to 50 units. How much would it cost the three firms to reduce pollution to the required level? (b) Allocate 50 tradeable pollution permits to each of the firms. Who sells permits and how many do they sell? Who buys permits and how many do they buy? Briefly explain why the sellers and buyers are each willing to do so. What is the total cost of pollution reduction in this situation?Market-based environmental policy instruments (e.g., carbon tax or tradeable permits) arecentral to national strategies aiming to mitigate environmental degradation. Choose carbon tax as your market-based environmental policy instrument.ii. Provide a formal (algebraic) evaluation of carbon tax's cost-effectiveness.4. Understanding different policy options to correct for negative externalities Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to degradation of air quality. The following table lists some potential regulations targeting the amount of airborne carbon dioxide. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax Tradable Permit System: Public Policy The government charges factories $210 for every ton of carbon dioxide they emit. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.. The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 280,000 tons per five years. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 240 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace. The government agrees to reimburse all factories that purchase new, emissions-reducing technology in order…
- 4. Understanding different policy options to correct for negative externalities Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to melting of sea ice. The following table lists some potential regulations targeting the amount of airborne carbon dioxide. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Tradable Permit System Public Policy . The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 250,000 tons per ten years. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 280 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace. Trees take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it to oxygen, so the government funds a tree-planting initiative by offering $500 to any citizen who plants a tree. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon-dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The government charges…1. A direct valuation approach to measuring human health impacts from pollution considers both the pain and suffering of victims and the monetary and non-monetary impacts on their family members. a. True b. false explain clearly8. Best responses for individual contributions to a public good Larry and Megan each rent one unit of a two-unit apartment building. The building has two separate furnaces located between the two apartments. The renters each control and pay for the heat their furnaces generate and would choose to increase the temperature of their apartments by 30 degrees if the other never turned on their furnace, given that the marginal private benefit (MB) of the 30th degree is equal to the marginal cost (MC) of 1 degree of heat (assume that the MC of heat is constant and that the MB of heat is decreasing). However, each degree of heat paid for by one not only raises the temperature in that apartment by a degree but also raises the temperature in the other apartment by half a degree. degrees of heat before his personal As a result, if Megan were to buy 10 degrees of heat, then Larry would need to purchase only marginal benefit of the final degree was equal to the marginal cost. Use the blue line…
- Questions for Further Discussion 1. It would seem that neighbors could easily negotiate among themselves to settle problems of local externalities such as noise and unsightly land uses. Yet most communities control these problems with local laws and regula-tions. Why? 2. Suppose courts changed rules regarding burden of proof, requiring polluters to show that their emissions are harmless, rather than pollutees to show that they have been harmed. What impact might this have? 3. Suppose a community weighed each resident's solid-waste disposal when it was picked up and published the individual totals each year in the local newspaper. Do you think this would lead to a reduction in the total quantity of solid waste disposed of in the community?9. Best responses for individual contributions to a public good Dmitri and Frances each rent one unit of a two-unit apartment building. The building has two separate furnaces located between the two apartments. The renters each control and pay for the heat their furnaces generate and would choose to increase the temperature of their apartments by 30 degrees if the other never turned on their furnace, given that the marginal private benefit (MB) of the 30th degree is equal to the marginal cost (MC) of 1 degree of heat (assume that the MC of heat is constant and that the MB of heat is decreasing). However, each degree of heat paid for by one not only raises the temperature in that apartment by a degree but also raises the temperature in the other apartment by half a degree. As a result, if Frances were to buy 40 degrees of heat, then Dmitri would need to purchase only |degrees of heat before his personal marginal benefit of the final degree was equal to the marginal cost. Use the blue…The most efficient way to get firms to reduce pollution is to A set a uniform emissions standard and require all firms to meet the standards B make the worst polluters shut down and go out of businesses C make them pay for the social cost of production and let them decide how to respond to the higher costs D Provide firms and consumers with the information about the effects of their actions and encourage them to behave responsibly Note:- Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism. Answer completely