Briefly describe how the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes immunodeficiency associated with the development of Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Q: Explain how immune function relates to the development of cancer.

A: The immune system plays an important role in preventing and combating the diseases caused by…

Q: Refer to the following illustration to answer the question. V2 S Rearranged DNA in B lymphocyte V250…

A: DNA is the genetic molecule which carries genetic information .

Q: Explain why a patient with AIDS due to HIV is at an increased risk of infection and of developing…

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: Account for the several inflammatory symptoms that occur in theinjection site when one has been…

A: Vaccination is the process of administering of a vaccine, which helps the immune system to develop…

Q: Briefly explain the immunological responses to bacterial superantigens and explain how they differ…

A: By the Bartleby guidelines, only one question can be answered at at time. The first question has…

Q: Explain how the innate (nonspecific) immune system is able to recognize a wide variety of…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Define polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to MHC genes.

A: Genes are the basic structural and functional unit of heredity. They carry coded genetic information…

Q: Describe the components of the innate immune response.  Describe the sequence of events when a…

A: The innate immune system is considered as the first line of defense, which helps to provide…

Q: Explain why HIV targets certain cell types, and describe the ?effects this virus has on the immune…

A: To answer this question you should have knowledge about Immunology. The question asks us to explain…

Q: a) Role of HLA genes in immunology in detail?

A: The study of the immune system, an important part of medical and biological science, is called…

Q: Explain two pieces of evidence that exist that some self-reactive lymphocytes in the immune system…

A: Introduction Lymphocytes are one of the types of white blood cells in our body. White blood cell or…

Q: Using the figure shown below, briefly explain the relationship between levels of HIV viral RNA,…

A: HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells specifically CD4+ T…

Q: During the adaptive immune responses, the lymphocytes will clone themselves in massive numbers.…

A: DNA replication is the cycle by which DNA makes a duplicate of itself during cell division.  The…

Q: Contrast the extracellular and intracellular phases of immune responses to viruses, discussing the…

A: Ans: The extracellular and intracellular are the two phases of the immune response against bacteria…

Q: Explain why people with B cell deficiency can benefit from artificial passive immunotherapy,  and…

A: Active immunity results when an individual's immune framework attempts to deliver antibodies and…

Q: Name and in brief describe the process by which immunological diversity is generated ?

A: Introduction  Antibodies can be induced by virtually all microorganisms. Antibodies must be diverse…

Q: Describe how the cells of the acquired-immunity system develop so that they do not recognize…

A: The adaptive immunity is a part of the immune system that is formed of specialized cells that stop…

Q: Explain the following concept in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable A.…

A: An immune response is a reaction that occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against…

Q: Explain why people with B-cell deficiencies can benefit from artificial passive…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They…

Q: Explain : Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages

A: Vpr means viral protein R and it is a HIV  gene and protein product. This gene is responsible for…

Q: Briefly describe how activated cytotoxic T cells can kill virus-infected cells

A: Cytotoxic T cells  Commonly called CTLs are generated by the activation of T cells of WBC. The…

Q: Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunities. Describe how both immunities…

A: In the immune system, there are two types of immunity which are present. One is innate immunity,…

Q: Explain why haematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be a curative treatment for some…

A: HSC are the cells which are found in the bone marrow and are able to produce cells such as rbc,wbc…

Q: Describe post-transcriptional control mechanisms for B—lymphocytes to produce membrane-bound and…

A: B lymphocytes : These are type of white blood cells of the lymphocytes subtype. They function in…

Q: Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable; a.…

A: An immune response is a series of reactions, that takes place within an organism for the protection…

Q: role of the innate immune system in initiating the acquired immune response.

A: Innate and acquired immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to fight diseases. Innate immunity…

Q: Name an immune immunosuppressive agent?

A: Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines  are also called as  immunosuppressive agents are used to…

Q: Briefly Explain this statement "Immunomodulator Agents "-Please explain at your own words.

A: There are certain drugs  which can modulate the immune response are called Immunomodulator. They are…

Q: what is an autoimmune disease? and provide an example of auto immune disease. Give an in-text…

A: Introduction :- When the immune system of the body targets and destroys healthy body tissue by…

Q: . In the muscular disease myasthenia gravis, antibodiesbind to and block certain receptors on muscle…

A: Myasthenia gravis is a chronic  autoimmune system, neuromuscular ailment that causes shortcoming in…

Q: Which of the followings is molecular pathology associated with ADA mutations that cause…

A: Immunodeficiency - This term refers to the defects or deficiencies in the immune system of the body.…

Q: Describe the significance and need for receptor editing as a part of elimination of self-reactive B…

A: Autoimmune resistance prevents cells from causing potentially damaging reactions to host tissues.…

Q: HIV predominantly infects T-helper cells, cells that are responsible for coordinating B- and T-cell…

A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (or HIV) destroys the white blood cells (WBCs) of the body and hence…

Q: Describe the six steps in antigen processing and presentation via the class II MHC pathway.

A: MHC II uses the exogenous pathway for antigen processing and presentation for antigen presentation.…

Q: Give ONE example of how a defect in a T Reg cell could lead to an immunological disorder or disease.

A: T-lymphocytes or the T-cells play a crucial role in fighting against the foreign particles. T-cell…

Q: Describe Class II MHC pathway of antigen processing with the help of a diagram.

A:

Q: Briefly define the set of terms and explain how they relate to one another: MHC, HLA, Haplotype

A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…

Q: escribe the term "in-frame" and also the reason that it would be necessary for the generation of…

A: By the time B lymphocytes reach lymphoid tissue, they have developed their own set of antigens. This…

Q: What cells are involved in cell mediated and the humoral immune response? Explain the major outcome…

A: Adaptive immunity or acquired immunity is divided into two types: humoral immunity and cell-mediated…

Q: Describe the changes over time in virus antigen levels, antibodylevels, and CD4 T cells in the blood…

A: Human immunodeficiency virus is the causative agent of AIDS or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.…

Q: Briefly explain the characteristics of the Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes.

A: Immunoglobulin are proteins in nature. These are present on the surface of B cells and are secreted…

Q: Name and in a brief describe the process by which immunological diversity is generated.

A: The ability of multicellular creatures to withstand dangerous germs is referred to as immunity.…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.