Bipolar Cell X Bipolar Cell Z Examine the receptive fields of Bipolar Cell X and Bipolar Cell Z: Bipolar X is off-center and Bipolar Z is on-center. The response to light in the center of the receptive field of either X or Z is the result of a decrease in glutamate. Yet, the response by each bipolar cell is not the same. a) How will the response of X change when light shines in the center of its receptive field and the level of glutamate it receives is decreased? Why does it respond this way? b) How will the response of Z change when light shines in the center of its receptive field and the level of glutamate it receives is decreased? Why does it respond this way?

Bipolar Cell X Bipolar Cell Z Examine the receptive fields of Bipolar Cell X and Bipolar Cell Z: Bipolar X is off-center and Bipolar Z is on-center. The response to light in the center of the receptive field of either X or Z is the result of a decrease in glutamate. Yet, the response by each bipolar cell is not the same. a) How will the response of X change when light shines in the center of its receptive field and the level of glutamate it receives is decreased? Why does it respond this way? b) How will the response of Z change when light shines in the center of its receptive field and the level of glutamate it receives is decreased? Why does it respond this way?

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1TYK

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When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cells? What effect does it have on horizontal cells? What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar cells?
In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)
In neurons, the direction of signal is always: Up axon to soma (cell body) Down soma (cell body) to dendrites O Up soma (cell body) to dendrites SEP O Down axon terminal to dendrites O Down axon towards axon terminal
In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the refractory period begins as the K+ channel opens, allowing K+ ions to flow outward along their concentrationgradient. b. Na+ ions flow out of the axon with their concentration gradient. c. positive charges lower the membrane potential to its lowestaction potential. d. gated K+ channels open at the same time as the activationgate of Na+ channels closes. e. the depolarizing stimulus lowers the membrane potential toopen the Na+ gates.
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View the University of Michigan Webscope (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments, bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain that makes them the deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?
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Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.
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Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in n eurons. A. What anatomical part of a neuron would be affected by conotoxin? B. How would the neuron's action potential be affected by conotoxin? Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis C. If conotoxin affected a somatic motor neuron, would this toxin cause muscle weakness or increased muscle tension? Explain why.