Based upon this phylogenetic tree and this trait matrix, is the following statement supported? True for 'yes, the statement is supported', False for 'no, the statement is not supported'. Hershey's (4,5,6) are monophyletic. True False
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
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![Question
Question 1
The matrix below provides information about each candy 'species.'
Each column represents a candy trait, with 1's meaning the candy
bar has that trait, and O's meaning the candy bar does not have
that trait. For example, Cherry Mash (24) is the only candy bar
with the Cherry trait, while both Almond Joy (21) and Mounds (22)
have the Coconut trait. (The trait matrix tells you which candy bars
have which traits. You do not need to be familiar with them
beforehand!)
10
12
8 9
11
20 21 22
2 3
18
19
23 24
25
4 5
7
16 17
Drops
Flat Bar
Round
Shape
Rectangular Bar
Bar
1 1 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 o 0 1 0 0
110 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 11 0 0 1 10 0 o 0 0 0
110 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 o 0 0 0 0
10 0 1 1 0 o 0 0 1 0 o 0 0 0 0
110 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 01
1 10 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 o 0 0 0 0 o 0 1 0 0
1 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 0 0 1 0 10 0 00 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 00 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 M&M's Milk Chocolate
2 M&M's Peanut
3 M&M's Peanut Butter
4 Hershey's Milk Chocolate
5 Hershey's Milk Chocolate with Almonds
6 Hershey's Milk Chocolate White
7 Crunch
8 3 Musketeers
9 Snickers
10 Snickers Almond Bar
11 Milky Way
12 Milky Way Midnight Dark
13 Heath
14 Rolo
15 100 Grand
16 Twix
17 Kitkat
18 Reese's Peanut Butter Cups
19 PayDay
20 Butterfinger
21 Almond Joy
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10
11 0 0 ο 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ο 01 ο
10 0 1 0 o o 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
22 Mounds
23 York Peppermint Pattie
24 Cherry Mash
Based upon this phylogenetic tree and this trait matrix, is the
following statement supported? True for 'yes, the statement is
supported', False for 'no, the statement is not supported'.
Hershey's (4,5,6) are monophyletic.
True
False
00
MilkChocolate
WhiteChocolate
DarkChocolate
Crisped Rice](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Ff3d31533-4243-4ec8-8307-f467d6907115%2F02922d6d-848a-4550-b0df-840bcfa93362%2Fnakvky_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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