Principles of Instrumental Analysis
7th Edition
ISBN:9781305577213
Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Chapter33: Automated Methods Of Analysis
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 33.5QAP: Give the advantages and disadvantages of sequential injection analyzers compared to traditional flow...
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Read the detailed procedure of an experiment in your screen. Evaluate each step in the procedure whether it belongs to HOMOGENIZATION, EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION/CONCENTRATION, DATA TREATMENT, or INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS step.

Data Sheet
Task No. 7
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR CONTENT IN A SOLUBLE SULFATE SALT
The sample was powdered using a mortar and pestle. This step was cautiously performed in
order to avoid spillage and loss of the sample.
a
The ground sample was transferred in a properly labelled container and dried for about two
(2) hours inside the oven at 103°C. The dried sample was then cooled and stored in a
b
desiccator.
About 0.5 to 0.8 grams of the dried sample was weighed using a weighing boat and
transferred it to a labelled beaker. This step was repeated to make four (4) trials.
About 200 ml of distilled water was used to dissolved the sample and 1 ml of concentrated
HCl was added into the sample solution using a pipet. This solution was heated near boiling
point using a hot plate or Bunsen burner.
A 25 ml of hot barium chloride was poured gently and carefully into the hot sample solution
with vigorous stirring. The precipitating agent was poured gently to reduce the Q thereby
reducing the relative supersaturation of the solution.
d
e
Heating the reagents near boiling point was also necessary to increase the solubility, thus
reducing the relative supersaturation.
f
Vigorous stirring would also help in breaking the electric double layer and prevent the
formation of colloidal particles. The precipitate was then allowed to settle at the bottom of
the beaker.
h
The supernatant liquid was tested for completeness of precipitation by adding a few more
drops of hot barium chloride solution. If supernatant liquid turns cloudy upon contact of the
added drops of precipitating agent, the precipitation is not yet completed and the hot barium
chloride solution must be added until the cloudy precipitate disappears.
i
When the precipitation is complete, the beakers were covered with watch glass and the
solution was digested and kept hot (80 to 90°C) for 1 to 2 hours over a low heat setting using
a hot plate.
After digestion, the solution was allowed to cool down. The beakers were then covered with a
shrink-wrap and kept in a locker until the next laboratory class schedule. This step was
necessary to enhance the crystallization of the precipitate.
j
The precipitate from one beaker was collected in an ashless filter paper. The beaker was
rinsed thoroughly to ensure that all precipitates was transferred into the filter paper. The
same step was also done for the rest of the replicates. The precipitate was washed with hot
water three times.
The last few drops of the filtrate were then collected into a test tube and tested for the
presence of the chlorides by adding 1 drop of 0.1 M AGNO3 into the test tube. If a cloudy
solution appears, the chloride is still present with the precipitate and washing it with hot
water must be repeated until the cloudy solution no longer appears.
The filter paper containing the precipitate was then removed from the filter funnels, folded to
close the opening and placed insides its corresponding constant weighed crucible. The
crucibles were placed inside the muffle furnace. The covers of the crucibles were left slightly
ajar to allow air inside the crucibles. The lid of the furnace was closed and the furnace was
properly set for precipitate ignition. The temperature for the drying stage was set at 110°C for
30 minutes; the charring stage was set at 550°C for 1 hour; and the ignition stage was set at
m
800°C for another 1 hour.
On the next day, with the furnace already cooled down, crucibles were removed using a
gloved hand to avoid spilling the contents of the crucible. The precipitate was check and
found out that it was a white ash-like material.
n
The constant weighing procedure was then performed but crucible tongs were used instead
of a glove hand to prevent burns and getting other materials onto the crucibles.
All measurement and weighing were recorded in a laboratory notebook. Other information
such as molar mass and precipitation reaction was also determined and noted. The
gravimetric calculations were then performed to find out the sulfur content in the sample.
The average and standard deviation of the replicates were also calculated and the final result
was present.
PURIFICATION/CONCENTRATION
HOMOGENIZATION
EXTRACTION
DATA TREATMENT
INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
Transcribed Image Text:Data Sheet Task No. 7 DETERMINATION OF SULFUR CONTENT IN A SOLUBLE SULFATE SALT The sample was powdered using a mortar and pestle. This step was cautiously performed in order to avoid spillage and loss of the sample. a The ground sample was transferred in a properly labelled container and dried for about two (2) hours inside the oven at 103°C. The dried sample was then cooled and stored in a b desiccator. About 0.5 to 0.8 grams of the dried sample was weighed using a weighing boat and transferred it to a labelled beaker. This step was repeated to make four (4) trials. About 200 ml of distilled water was used to dissolved the sample and 1 ml of concentrated HCl was added into the sample solution using a pipet. This solution was heated near boiling point using a hot plate or Bunsen burner. A 25 ml of hot barium chloride was poured gently and carefully into the hot sample solution with vigorous stirring. The precipitating agent was poured gently to reduce the Q thereby reducing the relative supersaturation of the solution. d e Heating the reagents near boiling point was also necessary to increase the solubility, thus reducing the relative supersaturation. f Vigorous stirring would also help in breaking the electric double layer and prevent the formation of colloidal particles. The precipitate was then allowed to settle at the bottom of the beaker. h The supernatant liquid was tested for completeness of precipitation by adding a few more drops of hot barium chloride solution. If supernatant liquid turns cloudy upon contact of the added drops of precipitating agent, the precipitation is not yet completed and the hot barium chloride solution must be added until the cloudy precipitate disappears. i When the precipitation is complete, the beakers were covered with watch glass and the solution was digested and kept hot (80 to 90°C) for 1 to 2 hours over a low heat setting using a hot plate. After digestion, the solution was allowed to cool down. The beakers were then covered with a shrink-wrap and kept in a locker until the next laboratory class schedule. This step was necessary to enhance the crystallization of the precipitate. j The precipitate from one beaker was collected in an ashless filter paper. The beaker was rinsed thoroughly to ensure that all precipitates was transferred into the filter paper. The same step was also done for the rest of the replicates. The precipitate was washed with hot water three times. The last few drops of the filtrate were then collected into a test tube and tested for the presence of the chlorides by adding 1 drop of 0.1 M AGNO3 into the test tube. If a cloudy solution appears, the chloride is still present with the precipitate and washing it with hot water must be repeated until the cloudy solution no longer appears. The filter paper containing the precipitate was then removed from the filter funnels, folded to close the opening and placed insides its corresponding constant weighed crucible. The crucibles were placed inside the muffle furnace. The covers of the crucibles were left slightly ajar to allow air inside the crucibles. The lid of the furnace was closed and the furnace was properly set for precipitate ignition. The temperature for the drying stage was set at 110°C for 30 minutes; the charring stage was set at 550°C for 1 hour; and the ignition stage was set at m 800°C for another 1 hour. On the next day, with the furnace already cooled down, crucibles were removed using a gloved hand to avoid spilling the contents of the crucible. The precipitate was check and found out that it was a white ash-like material. n The constant weighing procedure was then performed but crucible tongs were used instead of a glove hand to prevent burns and getting other materials onto the crucibles. All measurement and weighing were recorded in a laboratory notebook. Other information such as molar mass and precipitation reaction was also determined and noted. The gravimetric calculations were then performed to find out the sulfur content in the sample. The average and standard deviation of the replicates were also calculated and the final result was present. PURIFICATION/CONCENTRATION HOMOGENIZATION EXTRACTION DATA TREATMENT INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
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