Assume a processor having a memory cycle time of 300 ns and an instruction processing rate of 1 MIPS. On average, each instruction requires one bus memory cycle for instruction fetch and one for the operand it involves. a. Calculate the utilization of the bus by the processor. b. Suppose the processor is equipped with an instruction cache and the associated hit ratio is 0.5. Determine the impact on bus utilization.
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- Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?A(n) ________________ instruction always alters the instruction execution sequence. A(n) ______________ instruction alters the instruction execution sequence only if a specified Condition is true.On the Motorola 68020 microprocessor, a cache access takes two clock cycles. Data access from main memory over the bus to the processor takes three clock cycles in the case of no wait state insertion; the data are delivered to the processor in parallel with delivery to the cache. a. Calculate the effective length of a memory cycle given a hit ratio of 0.9 and a clocking rate of 16.67 MHz. b. Repeat the calculations assuming insertion of two wait states of one cycle each per memory cycle. What conclusion can you draw from the results?
- 5. Consider two microprocessors having 8- and 16-bit-wide external data buses, respectively. The two processors are identical otherwise and their bus cycles take just as long. (a) Suppose all instructions and operands are one byte long, by what factor do the maximum data transfer rates differ?A microprocessor scans the status of an output I/O device every 20 ms. This is accom- plished by means of a timer alerting the processor every 20 ms. The interface of the device includes two ports: one for status and one for data output. How long does it take to scan and service the device given a clocking rate of 8 MHz? Assume for sim- plicity that all pertinent instruction cycles take 12 clock cycles.Asap
- Assume the processor is driven by a clock, such that each control step is 4 ns in duration. How long will the processor have to wait during memory read operation assuming that a memory read operation takes 12 ns to complete? What percentage of time is the processor idle during execution of the above instruction in single bus organization?A modern computer central processing unit chip (CPU) runs with a clock speed of 2.7 GHz. It can execute one operation in each of these clock cycles. a. How many seconds long is one clock cycle? b. Electrical signals travel at the speed of light. How far can an electrical signal travel in one clock cycle? c. Wires between the CPU's control unit and its cache memory (both on this chip), are about 2 cm long. How does this compare to how far an electrical signal can travel in one clock cycle?Assume for arithmetic, load/store, and branch instructions, a processor has CPIs of 1, 12, and 5, respectively. Also assume that on a single processor a program requires the execution of 2.56E9 arithmetic instructions, 1.28E9 load/store instructions, and 256 million branch instructions. Assume that each processor has a 2 GHz clock frequency. Assume that, as the program is parallelized to run over multiple cores, the number of arithmetic and load/store instructions per processor is divided by 0.7 x p (where p is the number of processors) but the number of branch instructions per processor remains the same. Find the total execution time for this program on 1, 2, 4, and 8 processors, and show the relative speedup of the 2, 4, and 8 processor result relative to the single processor result. If the CPI of the arithmetic instructions was doubled, what would the impact be on the execution time of the program on 1, 2, 4, or 8 processors? To what should the CPI of load/store instructions be…
- Given a system with separate instruction and data caches, suppose the frequency of data operations is 0.31. Given a HitTime of 1ns for each cache and a miss penalty of 50ns for each cache, calculate the average memory access time (in nsec). Assume that the miss rate for the data cache is 0.08 and the miss rate for the instruction cache is 0.04.Round your answer to two decimal placesA computer employs RAM chips of 128 x 8 and ROM chips of 512 x 8. The computer system needs 256 bytes of RAM, 1024 x 16 of ROM, and two interface units with 256 registers each. A memory mapped I/O configuration is used. The two higher -order bits of the address bus are assigned 00 for RAM, 01 for ROM, and 10 for interface registers. a. Compute total number of decoders are needed for the above system? b. Design a memory-address map for the above system c. Show the chip layout for the above designConsider a computer with cache, DRAM, HDD memory hierarchy. The hit rate of cache is 90% and DRAM is 95%. Read latencies of cache, DRAM, and HDD are 5ns, 100ns, and 1ms respectively. What is the average latency of executing an instruction involving a memory read? Express your answer in micro-seconds. Round it to the nearest integer. Enter your answer here